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Transcript
Eukaryotic Cells - liver cell is the example Both plant and animal cells Endosymbiotic theory – possible origin of Eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts existed separately. Prokaryotes engulfed either one or both to live in symbiotic relationship. Evidence –mitochondria and chloroplasts have own DNA, certain organelles have double membranes – emergent properties Importance of compartmentalization – provides different local environments that facilitate a specific metabolic function. Processes that are incompatible can occur simultaneously in separate areas, needs membrane-bound organelles. Ultrastructures – cell anatomy seen under the microscope Be able to draw and recognize** nucleus has double membrane with pores, mitochondria has double membrane with inner folding, Golgi are curved stacked tubes with small vesicles near ends, ribosome’s both attached and free Nucleus – contains genetic material (NOT ‘controls’ the cell) Nuclear membrane – with pores, nucleolus – produces ribosomes Chromatin – DNA with proteins called histones, chromosomes (later) All eukaryotes have DNA and protein histones. Eg. What are the chromosomes of fungi made up of? A. DNA C. DNA and RNA B. DNA and proteins D. DNA, RNA and proteins E.R. – site for protein synthesis, smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached and contains enzymes that do some metabolism, rough ER has ribosomes attached. (sedatives like Phenobarbital and alcohol cause more smooth ER to be made and therefore more enzymes. This increases tolerance and requires more of the drug. Golgi apparatus – modifies proteins double membraned (looks like pita bread) Ribosomes – two types; a) free which are not bound to ER, make proteins for internal cell use 2) attached found on ER, which make proteins for use outside the cell. *Vesicles form around them and carry to Golgi to be processed and then a vesicle moves to cell membrane, fuses and expels protein through exocytosis. Lysosomes – sacs of enzymes that digest macromolecules (works best at low ph – 5) double membrane, self-death Cell membrane (plasma membrane) – selectively permeable Mitochondria – site of cellular respiration, has own DNA, (and ribosomes) can have hundreds based on need, double membraned Chloroplasts – own DNA, contains chlorophyll, belongs to a bigger group called plastids, double membraned Cytoplasm – entire region between nucleus and cell membrane –cytoskeleton runs through it. Cytoskeleton – network of three types of fibers; microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate fibers. Microtubules involved with muscles, microtubules made up of globular proteins called tubulin. Responsible for shape and support of cell and involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis. Cytosol – fluid in cytoplasm Vesicles – only formed when needed Plants have large, permanent central vacuole or storage and growth, cell wall made of cellulose which contains bundles of microfibrils, more regular shaped. Role of extracellular components – cell wall which maintains cell shape, prevents excessive water uptake, holds plant up against gravity Animal cells have glycoprotein’s that form extra cellular matrix for support, adhesion, movement Be able to compare prokaryotes and Eukaryotes and plant and animal. Could include the internal membranes that allow for compartmentalization *micrographs – may 06 had ER looks different than Golgi - check Remember – even in compare give differences first then similarities. Prokaryotes Naked DNA 70s ribosomes No distinct nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Circular chromosomes Fission No introns or exons Smaller about 10 microns Cell wall Eukaryotes DNA with proteins (histones) 80s ribosomes Nucleus and nuclear membrane Internal membranes forming membrane bound organelles Linear chromosomes Mitosis Intron and exons Larger about 100 microns Only plants have cell wall