Download Microscope and Laboratory Technique

HONORS BIOLOGY MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
Microscope and Laboratory Technique
1.
Describe the function of the following parts of the microscope.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Diaphragm:
Stage:
Coarse Adjustment:
Fine Adjustment:
low power objective
high power objective
scanning objective
2.
How do you determine the total magnification of a microscope?
3.
What happens to field of view going from scanning to high power?
4.
Metric measurement: Convert 99.0 mm to cm and m. and micrometers
5.
Calculate field of view
6. Know names and functions of all equipment used in labs. Be able to read
measurements accurately.
A. beakers
B. graduated cylinders
C. pipettes
D. test tubes
E. rulers
F. slides/coverslips – wet mount
G. Methylene blue
H. Iodine and glucose test strips
I. Microscope – correct use
Scientific Method
Observation
Scientific method
Hypothesis
Experiment
Control group
Experimental group
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Constant
Average
Median
Data
Quantitative
Qualitative
Results
Conclusion
Analysis
Graphing skills
Variables
1.
What are the steps?
2.
What is an hypothesis?
3.
What is a control? Why is it necessary?
4.
Independent variable, dependent variable
5.
Graphs – drawing and interpreting
6.
Characteristics of Living Things
7.
What is a controlled experiment?
8. Analyze an experiment and identify controls, variables, hypothesis,
results.
9. Draw conclusions from an experiment
10. Construct a graph from data
11. Analyze a graph
12. Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative data
Biological Molecules:
carbohydrates
dipeptide
peptide bond
bases
polypeptide
function of proteins
reactant
product
chemical reaction
chemical equation
catalyst
enzyme
pH scale
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
protein
amino acids
amino group
carboxyl group
organic
inorganic
acids
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
1. Fats - monomers
2. Carbohydrates - monomers
3. Proteins – monomers
A. enzymes
B. Energy diagrams – activation energy
4. Amino group:
5. Carboxyl group:
6. Structural formula identification
7. Chemical equations
8. Biological Molecular Table Chart (polymers, monomers, elements, ratios,
examples)
9. What is a monomer? A polymer? A macromolecule?
10. What is a monosaccharide? A polysaccharide?
The cell
A. Describe the function of each organelle below:
1. cell membrane:
2. nucleus:
3. ribosomes:
4. mitochondrion:
5. chloroplast:
6. ER:
7. vacuole:
8. Golgi apparatus:
9. centrioles
10. cell wall
11. lysosomes
12. vacuoles
13. nucleolus
B. cell theory
C. plant vs. animal cell
D. prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic
E. Cell Organelle Data Table (function, structure, location)
F. Be able to compare plant and animal cells
G. Be able to calculate the size of a cell in a given field of view
Transport: Diffusion and Osmosis
Homeostasis
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Carrier transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Concentration gradient
Equilibrium
Osmosis
Passive transport
Active transport
Dynamic Equilibrium
Channel Proteins
Carrier Proteins
Isotonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
Cytolysis
Hypertonic Solution
Plasmolysis
1.
Diffusion:
2.
Osmosis:
3.
Concentration of water and solute inside and outside of a cell
A. hypertonic
B. hypotonic
C. isotonic
4.
Active transport:
A. ion pumps
B. endo/exocytosis
5. Structure of cell membrane
6. Diagrams of cells in different solutions and what happens to them, where
water will flow
Basic Chemistry
atomic number
mass number
atom
neutron
proton
electron
valence shell
isotopes
compounds
ionic bonds
ion
covalent bonds
1.
Structure of the nucleus
A. protons
B. neutrons
C. electrons
2.
Periodic table
A. atomic number
B. mass number
C. symbol
D. ions
E. isotopes
3.
Bonding - predict ionic, polar covalent or non-polar covalent bonds
A. covalent
B. ionic
4.
pH
A. Acids
B. Bases
C. pH scale
D. buffers
Mitosis
chromosomes
chromatin
centromere
centrioles
spindle fibers
haploid
diploid
interphase
G1, S, G2
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
chromatid
What is mitosis?
Describe the structure of a chromosome.
Draw a diagram of the cell cycle.
Name each phase of mitosis beginning with interphase and draw a diagram
showing how 4 chromosomes would be positioned in each step.
Be able to put diagrams in the correct sequence
Meiosis
tetrad
synapsis
homologous chromosomes
crossing over
gamete
fertilization
zygote
centrioles
spindle fibers
egg
sperm
How is meiosis different than mitosis? Be able to compare them using chart from
meiosis quiz and homework worksheet.
What kind of cells go through meiosis?
What are Homologous chromosomes?
List each step of meiosis beginning with Prophase I and draw a diagram showing
how 4 chromosomes would be positioned in each step.
Genetics
gene
gamete
meiosis
genetics
allele
dominant
recessive
homozygous
heterozygous
genotype
phenotype
law of segregation
law of independent assortment
law of dominance
Punnett square
Gregor Mendel
heredity
trait
P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
monohybrid cross
test cross
Gregor Mendel and his research involving pea plants
3 laws developed by Mendel and examples of each
Be able to use Punnett squares to predict outcomes of genetic crosses for
dominant and recessive traits
Be able to do a testcross to determine the genotype of a parent showing the
dominant trait
Be able to analyze results of the Punnett square crosses
Be able to explain how the meiosis baby lab exemplified each of Mendel’s laws