Download LHWHS Biology

LHWHS Biology
NAME____________________
Directed Reading
Chapter 6 - Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction
Go to Mrs. Antonelli’s website. Click on the biology book. Log in. Choose Chapter 6
(Entire chapter). Click on visual concepts. Answer the questions below.
----Gamete----1. Provide two examples of gametes.
2. What does it mean for a cell to be a haploid ?
---Comparing Cell Division in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes----3. Which type of cell reproduces more quickly....
.......Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes (circle one)
Explain why ?
---Gene--4. Provide a definition for 'gene'.
---Chromosome---5. In your cells, where are chromosomes located ? __________
What two type of biomolecules are chromosomes made of ?
----Parts of a Chromosome--6. Describe the centromere.
7. What are the chromotids ?
---Homologous Chromosomes--8. What does it mean for chromosomes to be homologous ?
----Comparing Haploid and Diploid Cells---9. Provide two examples of a haploid cell.
10. Provide two examples of a diploid cell.
-----Sex chromosomes and Autosomes---11. Which numbered pair of chromosomes are considered to be the sex
chromosomes ?
12. What is the chromosome combination for a female ?_______
What is the chromosome combination for a male ?_______
---Role of Sex Chromosomes--13. List three organisms that have XX or XY chromosomes as their sex
chromosomes.
14. In males, what is the percentage of sperm that have an X
chromosome ?
In males, what is the percentage of sperm that have a Y
chromosome ?
15. What is the probability of having a male offspring ?
What is the probability of having a female offspring ?
-----Chromosome Number---16. Do all organisms have the same number of chromosomes ?_____
17. Indicte how many chromosomes each of the following organims have.
fly_____
corn______
dog_____
humans________
----karyotypes---18. What are karyotypes used for ?
19. What type of cells are usually used in a karyotype ?
20. Why are cells placed in a 'culture dish' for 3-4 days prior to making the
karyotype ?
21. Why are cells placed in a hypotonic solution prior to making the
karyotype ?
22. Why are the cells stained ?
----Types of Chromosome Mutations--23. Describe four types of mutations.
Deletion-
Inversion -
Tranlocation-
Nondisjunction -
LHWHS Biology
NAME____________________
Directed Reading
Chapter 7 - Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Go to Mr Waterson's website. Click on the biology book. Log in. Choose Chapter 7
(Entire chapter). Click on visual concepts. Answer the questions below.
---Meiosis--1. What is meiosis ?
IN TOTAL, HOW MANY TIMES DOES A CELL DIVIDE DURING MEIOSIS I AND
MEIOSIS II ?
2. What is the result of meiosis ?
---Tetrads and Crossing Over of Genetic Material---3. How many chromatids form a tetrad ?
4. What crosses over during "crossing-over" ?
----Independent Assortment---5. When does independent assortment occur ?
6. What is another word for "allele" ?
7. Are genes (or alleles) on different chromosomes linked together
?______
------Formation of a Sperm
8. What is spermatogenesis ?
9. How many sperm are made during spermatogenesis ?
----Formation of the Egg Cell---10. What is oogenesis ?
11. How many egg cells are made during oogenesis ?_______
Provide a hypothesis (guess) explaining why three of the haploid cells die
during oogenesis ?
----Comparing the Results of Meiosis and Mitosis---12. Describe the primary difference between meiosis and mitosis.
----Comparing Haploid and Diploid Cells---13. Once again, describe the difference between haploid and diploid
cells.
In your body, most cells are haploid
or diplpoid ???
(circle one)
----Fertilization---14. What is the name of the cell that results from fertilization ?
LHWHS Biology
Directed Reading
Chapter 8 - Mendel and Heredity
NAME____________________
Go to Mr Waterson's website. Click on the biology book. Log in. Choose Chapter 8
(Entire chapter). Click on visual concepts. Answer the questions below.
----Heredity---1. Provide a definition of heredity.
----Mendel's Experiments---2. List three characteristics of pea plants that Mendel studied.
----Punnett Square with Heterozygous Cross---3. What is the genotype for a pea plant that is heterozygous for purple
petal color ?
4. What is the genotype for a pea plant that is homozygous for white
petal color ?
5. What percentage of the offspring will have purple flowers ?_______
(using the genotypes from questions 3 and 4 as the parents)
6. What percentage of the offspring will have white flowers ?_______
(using the genotypes from questions 3 and 4 as the parents)
----Parental, First Filial, and Second Filial generation---7. What is the P generation ?
8. What is the F1 generation ?
9. What is the F2 generation ?
----Mendel's Conclusions--10. Please list Mendel's conclusions from years of breeding pea plants.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
----Allele--11. Once again, what is an allele ?
----Comparing Dominant and Recessive Traits---12. What does it mean for a gene to be recessive ?
----Comparing homozygous and heterozygous---13. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous
genotypes?
----Genotype, Phenotype--14. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype ?
---Segregation---15. How many chromosomes from a homologous pair are present in a
gamete ?
---Test Cross--16. What is a test cross ?
What is the purpose of a test cross ?
Are test crosses performed with people ?
---Pedigree--17. What is the symbol for a male in a pedigree ?
18. What is the symbol for a female in a pedigree ?
19. How do we represent an "infected" individual ?
20. How do we represent a "carrier" ?
---Sex Linkage---21. On what chromosome are sex linked genes found ?_______
LHWHS Biology
NAME____________________
Directed Reading
Chapter 8 - Mendel and Heredity (continued)
----Comparing Single Allele, Multiple Allele, and Polygenic Traits--22. List three genetic diseases caused by a mutation on a single allele
(gene)
23. Provide an example of a trait that is polygenic (controlled by more than one gene).
-----Comparing Complete, Incomplete, and Co-Dominance---24. What trait is used as an example of complete dominance ?
25. What trait is used as an example of incomplete dominance ?
26. What trait is used as an example of co- dominance ?
----Genetic Disorder---27. Huntington's disease is .......
autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive or X linked
recessive
(circle one of the above)
28. Cystic fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs, and Pheylketonuria
are......
autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive or X linked
recessive
(circle one of the above)
29. Hemophilia and muscular dystrophy are.......
autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive or X linked
recessive
(circle one of the above)
----Comparing X linked and Sex Influenced Traits---30. Color blindness and Hemophilia are X linked recessive traits.
____________are more likely to affected
(males or females)
31. According to the text book, the phenotype of pattern baldness is
influenced by the presense of testosterone. As a result,
____________are more likely to affected
(males or females)
---Disorders due to Nondisjunction---32. Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate properly
during meiosis (....when sperm and egg cells are made). Match the
disorders with the type of nondisjunction below.
Monosomy_____
Trisomy______
Trisomy 21_____
a. results in having an extra chromosone somewhere
(47 total)
b. results in having a missing chromosome somewhere
(45 total)
c. results in having an extra 21st chromosome, mental
retardation, muscle weakness, heart defects, and a short stature
----Sickle Cell Anemia---33. Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited condition caused by a mutation
that changes the shape of the red blood cells.
As a result, red blood cells cannot carry oxygen properly.
Approximately, how many African Americans have sickle cell anemia ?
LHWHS Biology
Directed Reading
Chapter 11 - Gene Technology
NAME____________________
----Genetic Engineering---1. The process of manipulating genes is called genetic engineering.
Often genes are taking out of human chromosomes, and put into a
_______________ cell.
2. Recombinant DNA usually refers to DNA made from one orgaanism
and a
_______________cell.
-----Cloning Vectors and Plasmids----3. Matching
Plasmid_____
a. exact copy of a gene
Restriction Enzyme______
b. prokaryotic cell used to clone a gene
Host bacterium_______
c. used to break or cut DNA so that a gene
can
be removed from a chromosome
Gene clone________
d. ring of DNA found in bacteria cells
-----Using Plasmids to Produce Insulin---4. Name a protein produced during translation using recombinant DNA
inserted into a host bacterium.
----Action of Restriction Enzymes----5. When combining human and bacteria DNA, a single stranded end of
human DNA is matched up with a single stranded end of bactiria DNA .
The ends that combine are called the.....
----Gel Electrophoresis---6. Gel Electrophoresis separates molecules by having them move through
a grid like framework of gel
. Electrical currents pull the molecules
through the gel. The molecules are separated based on their _________
7. Larger molecules migrate more quickly or slowly through the gel?
(circle one)
-----Geneticaly Engineered Vaccines----8. Flu shots contain viruses that are harmless. The virus has
transplanted genes that cause the harmless virus to make proteins on its
surface. These surface proteins are similiar flu virus' surface proteins.
As a result, your body will more quickly recognize and kill flu viruses.
(No question here....thanks for reading....please draw a smiley face below)
---Polymerase Chain Reaction----9. PCR is used to........
a. destroy DNA
b. copy DNA
c. cut DNA
d. paste DNA
----DNA fingerprint---10. A DNA fingerprint is.......
a. the resulting pattern of separated fragments of DNA in a gel
electrophoresis
b. none of the above
c. none of the above
d. none of the above
----Cloning----11. Put the following steps for cloning an organisms in order
(#1 is first, #4 is last)
_____inject DNA into 'empty' egg cell
_____remove DNA from an egg cell
_____implant egg cell containing DNA of individual to be
cloned
back into animal's reprodutive tract
_____allow newly implanted egg to develop into a zygote ,
embryo, and fetus