* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download LHWHS Biology
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Dominance (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy of the human retina wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Neocentromere wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
LHWHS Biology NAME____________________ Directed Reading Chapter 6 - Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Go to Mrs. Antonelli’s website. Click on the biology book. Log in. Choose Chapter 6 (Entire chapter). Click on visual concepts. Answer the questions below. ----Gamete----1. Provide two examples of gametes. 2. What does it mean for a cell to be a haploid ? ---Comparing Cell Division in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes----3. Which type of cell reproduces more quickly.... .......Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes (circle one) Explain why ? ---Gene--4. Provide a definition for 'gene'. ---Chromosome---5. In your cells, where are chromosomes located ? __________ What two type of biomolecules are chromosomes made of ? ----Parts of a Chromosome--6. Describe the centromere. 7. What are the chromotids ? ---Homologous Chromosomes--8. What does it mean for chromosomes to be homologous ? ----Comparing Haploid and Diploid Cells---9. Provide two examples of a haploid cell. 10. Provide two examples of a diploid cell. -----Sex chromosomes and Autosomes---11. Which numbered pair of chromosomes are considered to be the sex chromosomes ? 12. What is the chromosome combination for a female ?_______ What is the chromosome combination for a male ?_______ ---Role of Sex Chromosomes--13. List three organisms that have XX or XY chromosomes as their sex chromosomes. 14. In males, what is the percentage of sperm that have an X chromosome ? In males, what is the percentage of sperm that have a Y chromosome ? 15. What is the probability of having a male offspring ? What is the probability of having a female offspring ? -----Chromosome Number---16. Do all organisms have the same number of chromosomes ?_____ 17. Indicte how many chromosomes each of the following organims have. fly_____ corn______ dog_____ humans________ ----karyotypes---18. What are karyotypes used for ? 19. What type of cells are usually used in a karyotype ? 20. Why are cells placed in a 'culture dish' for 3-4 days prior to making the karyotype ? 21. Why are cells placed in a hypotonic solution prior to making the karyotype ? 22. Why are the cells stained ? ----Types of Chromosome Mutations--23. Describe four types of mutations. Deletion- Inversion - Tranlocation- Nondisjunction - LHWHS Biology NAME____________________ Directed Reading Chapter 7 - Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Go to Mr Waterson's website. Click on the biology book. Log in. Choose Chapter 7 (Entire chapter). Click on visual concepts. Answer the questions below. ---Meiosis--1. What is meiosis ? IN TOTAL, HOW MANY TIMES DOES A CELL DIVIDE DURING MEIOSIS I AND MEIOSIS II ? 2. What is the result of meiosis ? ---Tetrads and Crossing Over of Genetic Material---3. How many chromatids form a tetrad ? 4. What crosses over during "crossing-over" ? ----Independent Assortment---5. When does independent assortment occur ? 6. What is another word for "allele" ? 7. Are genes (or alleles) on different chromosomes linked together ?______ ------Formation of a Sperm 8. What is spermatogenesis ? 9. How many sperm are made during spermatogenesis ? ----Formation of the Egg Cell---10. What is oogenesis ? 11. How many egg cells are made during oogenesis ?_______ Provide a hypothesis (guess) explaining why three of the haploid cells die during oogenesis ? ----Comparing the Results of Meiosis and Mitosis---12. Describe the primary difference between meiosis and mitosis. ----Comparing Haploid and Diploid Cells---13. Once again, describe the difference between haploid and diploid cells. In your body, most cells are haploid or diplpoid ??? (circle one) ----Fertilization---14. What is the name of the cell that results from fertilization ? LHWHS Biology Directed Reading Chapter 8 - Mendel and Heredity NAME____________________ Go to Mr Waterson's website. Click on the biology book. Log in. Choose Chapter 8 (Entire chapter). Click on visual concepts. Answer the questions below. ----Heredity---1. Provide a definition of heredity. ----Mendel's Experiments---2. List three characteristics of pea plants that Mendel studied. ----Punnett Square with Heterozygous Cross---3. What is the genotype for a pea plant that is heterozygous for purple petal color ? 4. What is the genotype for a pea plant that is homozygous for white petal color ? 5. What percentage of the offspring will have purple flowers ?_______ (using the genotypes from questions 3 and 4 as the parents) 6. What percentage of the offspring will have white flowers ?_______ (using the genotypes from questions 3 and 4 as the parents) ----Parental, First Filial, and Second Filial generation---7. What is the P generation ? 8. What is the F1 generation ? 9. What is the F2 generation ? ----Mendel's Conclusions--10. Please list Mendel's conclusions from years of breeding pea plants. a. b. c. d. e. ----Allele--11. Once again, what is an allele ? ----Comparing Dominant and Recessive Traits---12. What does it mean for a gene to be recessive ? ----Comparing homozygous and heterozygous---13. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes? ----Genotype, Phenotype--14. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype ? ---Segregation---15. How many chromosomes from a homologous pair are present in a gamete ? ---Test Cross--16. What is a test cross ? What is the purpose of a test cross ? Are test crosses performed with people ? ---Pedigree--17. What is the symbol for a male in a pedigree ? 18. What is the symbol for a female in a pedigree ? 19. How do we represent an "infected" individual ? 20. How do we represent a "carrier" ? ---Sex Linkage---21. On what chromosome are sex linked genes found ?_______ LHWHS Biology NAME____________________ Directed Reading Chapter 8 - Mendel and Heredity (continued) ----Comparing Single Allele, Multiple Allele, and Polygenic Traits--22. List three genetic diseases caused by a mutation on a single allele (gene) 23. Provide an example of a trait that is polygenic (controlled by more than one gene). -----Comparing Complete, Incomplete, and Co-Dominance---24. What trait is used as an example of complete dominance ? 25. What trait is used as an example of incomplete dominance ? 26. What trait is used as an example of co- dominance ? ----Genetic Disorder---27. Huntington's disease is ....... autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive or X linked recessive (circle one of the above) 28. Cystic fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs, and Pheylketonuria are...... autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive or X linked recessive (circle one of the above) 29. Hemophilia and muscular dystrophy are....... autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive or X linked recessive (circle one of the above) ----Comparing X linked and Sex Influenced Traits---30. Color blindness and Hemophilia are X linked recessive traits. ____________are more likely to affected (males or females) 31. According to the text book, the phenotype of pattern baldness is influenced by the presense of testosterone. As a result, ____________are more likely to affected (males or females) ---Disorders due to Nondisjunction---32. Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis (....when sperm and egg cells are made). Match the disorders with the type of nondisjunction below. Monosomy_____ Trisomy______ Trisomy 21_____ a. results in having an extra chromosone somewhere (47 total) b. results in having a missing chromosome somewhere (45 total) c. results in having an extra 21st chromosome, mental retardation, muscle weakness, heart defects, and a short stature ----Sickle Cell Anemia---33. Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited condition caused by a mutation that changes the shape of the red blood cells. As a result, red blood cells cannot carry oxygen properly. Approximately, how many African Americans have sickle cell anemia ? LHWHS Biology Directed Reading Chapter 11 - Gene Technology NAME____________________ ----Genetic Engineering---1. The process of manipulating genes is called genetic engineering. Often genes are taking out of human chromosomes, and put into a _______________ cell. 2. Recombinant DNA usually refers to DNA made from one orgaanism and a _______________cell. -----Cloning Vectors and Plasmids----3. Matching Plasmid_____ a. exact copy of a gene Restriction Enzyme______ b. prokaryotic cell used to clone a gene Host bacterium_______ c. used to break or cut DNA so that a gene can be removed from a chromosome Gene clone________ d. ring of DNA found in bacteria cells -----Using Plasmids to Produce Insulin---4. Name a protein produced during translation using recombinant DNA inserted into a host bacterium. ----Action of Restriction Enzymes----5. When combining human and bacteria DNA, a single stranded end of human DNA is matched up with a single stranded end of bactiria DNA . The ends that combine are called the..... ----Gel Electrophoresis---6. Gel Electrophoresis separates molecules by having them move through a grid like framework of gel . Electrical currents pull the molecules through the gel. The molecules are separated based on their _________ 7. Larger molecules migrate more quickly or slowly through the gel? (circle one) -----Geneticaly Engineered Vaccines----8. Flu shots contain viruses that are harmless. The virus has transplanted genes that cause the harmless virus to make proteins on its surface. These surface proteins are similiar flu virus' surface proteins. As a result, your body will more quickly recognize and kill flu viruses. (No question here....thanks for reading....please draw a smiley face below) ---Polymerase Chain Reaction----9. PCR is used to........ a. destroy DNA b. copy DNA c. cut DNA d. paste DNA ----DNA fingerprint---10. A DNA fingerprint is....... a. the resulting pattern of separated fragments of DNA in a gel electrophoresis b. none of the above c. none of the above d. none of the above ----Cloning----11. Put the following steps for cloning an organisms in order (#1 is first, #4 is last) _____inject DNA into 'empty' egg cell _____remove DNA from an egg cell _____implant egg cell containing DNA of individual to be cloned back into animal's reprodutive tract _____allow newly implanted egg to develop into a zygote , embryo, and fetus