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Genetic Information DNA Deoxyribose nucleic acid Job: stores genetic info double helix o looks like a twisted ladder 2 ribose sugars + 1 phosphate group 4 nucleotides (bases) o complementary bases held together with a hydrogen bond will only bond with their complementary base like a lock and a key o adenine + thymine o guanine + cytosine if you know one strand you can figure out the other strand o CGTTAACGTA o GCAATTGCAT DNA Replication o Occurs during interphase, right before cell enters prophase (mitosis and mitosis I) Step 1 o DNA unzips & partially unwinds (only does a little at a time) o Breaks Hydrogen bonds Step 2 o Free nucleotides (floating in nucleus) find their complementary base on the DNA strand o Create a new hydrogen bonds Step 3 o Keeps up the process until the entire chain is finished o Rewinds and retwists RNA Ribose nucleic acid Job: makes proteins Single strand 1 ribose sugar + 1 phosphate group 4 nucleotides o adenine + uracil o Guanine + cytosine 3 types of RNA o Messenger RNA (mRNA) “reads” the genetic code (message) from the DNA Transcription RNA makes a copy of the DNA message Message used to make proteins C A T T A G G C A T G (dna) G U A A U C C G U A C (rna) o Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transport rna code from mRNA to the ribosome Acts like a taxi o Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Makes proteins in the ribosome Translation Protein synthesis Mutations Point Mutation Small change, usually unnoticeable in an organism Change a single base pair, the wrong things bond o THE DOG BIT THE CAT o THE DOG BIT THE CAR Frameshift mutation A new amino acid (base pair) is inserted into an entire codon All other codons shifted out of place THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT Chromosomal mutations Bits of DNA break off and change their location Common in plants o Get variation Mutagens What causes mutations, can lead to cancer o High radiation, chemicals, high temperature Anything that can damage the cell DNA can fix itself, but if it is constantly exposed to a mutagen (ex. smoking) then it will not be able to fix the mutation Can result in cancer (cell keeps dividing) or in cell death (get enough cell death, the organism dies)