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Name __________________________ Per. ___________ Grades Nine Through Twelve Biology/Life Sciences Science Content Standards Standards that all students are expected to achieve in the course of their studies. Cell Biology 1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know cells are enclosed within semi-permeable membranes that regulate their interaction with their surroundings. c. Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure. Section 4-1: Passive Transport 1. passive transport: 2. diffusion: 3. example of diffusion: 4. concentration gradient: 5. equilibrium: 6. Substances that are able to pass through a membrane, the membrane is ___________________ to it. 7. osmosis: 8. What determines the direction in which the water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane? 9. hypotonic: 10. hypertonic: 11. isotonic: 12. Directions of Osmosis Conditions If solute concentration in the environment is lower than in the cell If solute concentration in the environment is higher than in the cell If solute concentration in the environment is equal to that in the cell Environment solution is… Cell solution is… Water will move… Water Balance in Living Cells 13. Turgor pressure in plants is basically the water pressure in plant cells that lends support to plant tissues. When the turgor pressure of a plant cell increases, does that indicate that the cell is hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic relative to its environment? Explain your answer. 14. Why would it be dangerous for humans to drink sea water? 15. facilitated diffusion: example: 16. Proteins that function in transport are called __________________________________. 17. How do carrier molecules transport materials across a cell membrane? 18. How might carrier molecules help maintain homeostasis during exercise, when extra energy is needed quickly? Section 4-2 19. active transport: 20. Explain how one common active transport system, the sodium-potassium pump, functions. (Potential Test Essay) 21. Some molecules, such as food particles and waste materials, are too large to pass through the cell membrane. However, the processes called ____________________ and _______________________ enable these large molecules to enter and exit the cell without passing through the cell membrane. 22. endocytosis: 23. phagocytosis: 24. exocytosis: Cells must respond to important information and filter out unimportant information. Cell membranes contain specialized proteins, receptor proteins that bind signal molecules and enable the cell to respond to the signal. 25. Describe two ways that the binding of a signal molecule to a receptor protein causes a change in the activity of the receiving cell. 26. During exercise, potassium ions build up in the fluid surrounding muscle cells. Which cell-membrane protein helps muscle cells counteract this tendency? Explain your answer.