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MUTATION NOTES Objectives Contrast gene mutations with chromosomal mutations Mutations • What is a mutation? – – **Some mutations affect a _____________, while others affect an entire ______________. • What causes mutations? – Mutations that affect a single gene happen: – During replication or cell division – – – because of mutagens in the environment Whereas mutations that affect an entire chromosome happen during meiosis. Causes of mutations continued… • Replication errors – If DNA polymerase does not fix the small number of errors, they build up over time and eventually __________________________________ – For example, many studies suggest that mutations are a significant cause of __________ • Mutagens – Mutagens are _____________________________ that can change DNA. They speed up the rate of _____________________, in some cases even breaking DNA strands – UV rays in sunshine and industrial chemicals are mutagen examples – Some kids exposed to radiation from the chernobyl disaster were affected in such a way that they secrete a compound which means they can stick metal to them, so they are effectively magnetic. I wouldn't say it was beneficial as such, but it is rather extraordinary! – Mutations in the gene that controls the development of the rod in your eye gives some people night vision. Bonus! 2 Major Types of Mutations • • 2 Types of Gene Mutations • • Point mutation – Frameshift mutation – one or more bases are _____________________ Point Mutations • Substitutions – One base is ____________ to another base – Like incorrectly writing a single letter in a sentence: THE APE SAW THE DOG BEG THE APE SAW THE DOE BEG What will happen? • A substitution will cause either a single amino acid change or no change at all. – Remember that many different ___________________________________ __________________ – If _______changes to ______ due to a mutation, the resulting amino acid will still be aspartic acid Frameshift Mutations • Insertion – One or more bases are _______ into the DNA sequence THE APE SAW THE DOG BEG THE APE SAE WTH EDO GBE G • Deletion – One or more bases are ____________ from the DNA sequence THE APE SAW THE DOG BEG THE APE SAT HED OGB EG What will happen? • A frameshift mutation will shift every base after the mutation, thus _____________ ____________________________________________________ So What? • When the sequence of DNA bases changes, the resulting ________ from transcription _______________________. • If the mRNA is different, the amino acid _________________________________. Chromosomal Mutations Chromosomal mutations —involve changes in the _________________________________ – Deletion • – Duplication • – Inversion • – Translocation • Part of one chromosome breaks off and _____________________ ________________________________________________ Somatic cells vs Gametes • Mutations happen both in ____________________________________ • Mutations in body cells _____________ affect offspring. Why? • Mutations in gametes (sex cells) can be ___________________________________. – These mutations are the underlying source of ________________________. – Often the effects of mutations in gametes is so harmful that the offspring does not develop properly or dies before they can _____________________ • Natural selection often removes mutant characteristics from a population when they are _____________________ • More rarely, a mutation results in a more _________________ characteristics, these mutations are favored by natural selection and therefore _______________ Repairing DNA • Enzymes ________________ the DNA and __________ incorrect nucleotides with correct nucleotides • These repair mechanisms work extremely well,_____________________________ • The greater the exposure to a mutagen such as ___________, the more likely is the chance that __________________________________