Download Animal Cell Cell membrane: The cell membrane surrounds the cell

Animal Cell
Cell membrane: The cell membrane surrounds the cell contents. Its main
function is to control what gets into and out of the cell.
Nucleus: The nucleus contains the genetic material for the cell. It contains the
DNA and chromosomes, which affect the proteins that determine the activities of
the cell. The nucleus acts as the cell's control center.
Nucleus Envelope: It is a double-layered membrane that envelopes the nucleus of
a eukaryotic cell. It separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Nucleus Pore: The passage way through the nuclear envelope. It connects the
nucleus with the cytoplasm.
Nucleolus: The spherical structure within the nucleus that stores RNA.
Chromatin: Chromatin is a combination of DNA and protein. It is central to the
process of making chromosomes. The Chromatin packs DNA into smaller
volumes to fit in the cell. It controls DNA replications and allow mitosis and
meiosis.
Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm contains primarily water and protein material. This is
where the other cell organelles are located. It is also where most of the cellular
processes take place.
Mitochondrion: any of various round or long cellular organelles of most
eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus, produce energy for the cell
through cellular respiration, and are rich in fats, proteins, and enzymes.
Golgi complex: The Golgi apparatus is composed of small membranous sacs, and
is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Though its function is still
not entirely understood, it seems that proteins from the ER travel to the Golgi
apparatus, where they are transformed and packaged into sacs before being
moved to their final destination.
Centriole: Essential tubular organelles found near the nucleus in pairs that take
part in cellular division.
Microtubule: Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins. They support the
cell and give it shape. They are involved in intracellular and cellular movements
and form centrioles.
Vacuole: Membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm that are used for storage
and digestion.
Lysosome: Membrane-bound sacs of enzymes. They breakdown old or unneeded
parts of the cell into small organic molecules that can be reused.
Microfilament: Fine filaments of the contractile protein actin. They are involved
in muscle contraction and with other types of intracellular movement. They help
form the cell’s cytoskeleton, cilia, and flagella.
Ribosome: Ribosomes are where protein synthesis takes place. Some are attached
to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and some are free in the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic reticulum: A series of flattened tubular tunnels. There are two
sorts of endoplasmic reticulum - rough ER and smooth ER. The rough ER has
lots of attached ribosomes. The smooth ER has no attached ribosomes and looks
'smooth'. The rough ER takes in the proteins made on the ribosomes so that they
cannot escape into the cytoplasm. The smooth ER is not involved in protein
synthesis, but has other functions.
Plant Cells
Cell Membrane: The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a
cell.
Vacuole: A cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell, surrounded by a single
membrane and containing fluid, food, or metabolic waste. Vacuoles are found in
the cells of plants, protists, and some primitive animals. In mature plant cells,
there is usually one large vacuole which occupies a large part of the cell's volume
and is filled with a liquid called cell sap. The cell sap stores food reserves,
pigments, defensive toxins, and waste products to be expelled or broken down. In
the cells of protists, however, there may be many small specialized vacuoles,
such as digestive vacuoles for the absorption of captured food and contractile
vacuoles for the expulsion of excess water or wastes.
Chloroplast: A plastid in the cells of green plants and green algae that contains
chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments and creates glucose through
photosynthesis. In plants, chloroplasts are usually disk-shaped and can reorient
themselves in the cell to vary their exposure to sunlight. Chloroplasts contain
the saclike membranes known as, which contain the chlorophyll and are
arranged in stacklike structures known as.conducting photosynthesis, plant
chloroplasts store starch and are involved in amino acid synthesis. Like
mitochondria, chloroplasts have their own DNA that is different from the DNA
in the nucleus, and chloroplasts are therefore believed to have evolved from
symbiont bacteria, their DNA being a remnant of their past existence as
independent organisms.
Cell Wall: The outermost layer of cells in plants, bacteria, fungi, and many algae
that gives shape to the cell and protects it from infection. In plants, the cell wall
is made up mostly of cellulose, determines tissue texture, and often is crucial to
cell function.
Golgi complex / Golgi apparatus: A complex cellular organelle consisting mainly
of a number of flattened sacs (cisternae) and associated vesicles, involved in the
synthesis of glycoproteins, lipoproteins, membrane-bound proteins, and
lysosomal enzymes. The sacs form primary lysosomes and secretory vacuoles.
Ribosome: A minute round cytoplasmic particle composed of RNA and protein
that is the site of protein synthesis as directed by RNA.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: An ultramicroscopic organelle of nearly all higher plant
and animal cells, consisting of a system of membrane-bound cavities in the
cytoplasm; occurring in two types, rough-surfaced, large numbers of ribosomes
on its outer surface, and smooth-surfaced.
Mitochondrion: A spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of nearly all
eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material and many enzymes important for
cell metabolism, including those responsible for the conversion of food to usable
energy. It consists of two membranes: an outer smooth membrane and an inner
membrane arranged to form cristae.
Microtubule: Any of the proteinaceous cylindrical hollow structures that are
distributed throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, providing structural
support and assisting in cellular locomotion and transport.
Microfilament: Any of the minute fibers located throughout the cytoplasm of
cells, composed of acting and functioning primarily in maintaining the structural
integrity of a cell.
Lysosome: Membrane-enclosed compartment in cells, containing many hydrolytic
enzymes; where large molecules and cellular components are broken down.
Nucleus: A spheroid body within a cell, consisting of a thin nuclear membrane,
organelles, one or more nucleoli, chromatin, linin, and nucleoplasm.
Nuclear Envelope: The condensed double layer of lipids and proteins enclosing
the cell nucleus and separating it from the cytoplasm; its two concentric
membranes, inner and outer, are separated by a perinuclear space.
Nuclear Pore: An octagonal opening where the inner and outer membranes of the
nuclear envelope are continuous.
Cytoplasm: The protoplasm outside a cell nucleus.