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1 Unit 7 Chapter 23 The Ocean Basin Section 1 The Water Planet _______________________________________________________ __________________________________ Divisions of the Global Oceans 5 Major Oceans __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Seas A sea is a smaller body of water that may be partially surrounded by land. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Exploration of the Ocean Oceanography Oceanography _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________ In approximately the 1850’s the ocean started to become a popular laboratory. The Birth of Oceanography In 1855 Matthew F. Murray published the first known textbook on the oceans with information that he collected from Navy records about the currents, winds, depths and weather conditions. In 1872 the scientists aboard the H.M.S. Challenger made some discoveries that we still use today. In WWII scientists developed sonar recordings and magnetic recordings of the ocean floors. 2 Sonar - Sound Navigation and Ranging ______________________________ Sound signals are sent through the water to the sea floor. By tracking how long it takes for them to bounce back, the depth can be determined. ______________________________ Bouncing back signals from space can map the area. The waves can not penetrate to the sea floor, but they still can create a high resolution sea floor map based on the height of the sea level. Submersibles These are under water research vessels which are piloted by people. Sometimes they will use robotic submersibles to reach areas too dangerous for humans. Underwater Research Scientists have found unusual life communities underwater. Section 2 Features of the Ocean Floor The ocean floor has 2 major areas; ________________________ _____________________________________________________ The Continental Margin The continental margin is the shallow sea-floor that is located between the shoreline and the deep ocean bottom. Continental Shelf The continental shelf extends from the shore line out toward the continental slope. The Continental Slope and the Continental Rise Continental Slope The continental slope begins at the shelf edge where depth increases rapidly. 3 Continental Rise The continental rise is several kilometers thick, descends gradually from the continental slope to the ocean floor. Submarine Canyons Very deep canyons probably formed during the end of the Ice Ages when glaciers melted and covered the valleys Turbidity Currents Triggered by earthquakes. They are landslides that go down the continental slope. Deep Ocean Basins Deep ocean basins have distinct features. Some include the highest mountains, and the flattest plains. ______________________ Trenches are long, narrow depressions located in the deep ocean basins. The Mariana Trench is the Western Pacific is the deepest place on Earth’s Crust _______________________ The abyssal plains are considered some of the flattest lands surfaces on Earth; (Argentina’s coastal abyssal plain rises 3 meters over 1300 km). More of the located in the Atlantic Ocean than anywhere else. Abyssal HillSmall rolling hills underwater. In the Atlantic Ocean they run parallel in either side of the mid-ocean ridge. _______________________ Remember the volcano chapter. 4 ______________________ Seamounts are submerged volcanic mountains; the beginning of an Island. Section 3 Ocean-Floor Sediment Sediments depend on where they are from and usually are well sorted. Sources of Deep Ocean Basin Sediments Samples are usually taken by core sampling. A core sample requires a long tube shoved into the ocean floor and sediments scooped out as a cylindrical piece. Inorganic Sediments Sediments produced by non-living things Biogenic Sediments Sediments produced by living things Chemical Deposits Crystallized dissolved material Physical Classification of Sediments There are 2 classifications Mud and Ooze