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Review: geological and experimental evidence for
Review: geological and experimental evidence for

... calcite-secreting coccolithophores exhibit higher rates of calcification and growth in experimental seawaters formulated with seawater Mg/Ca ratios that favor their skeletal mineral. These results support the assertion that seawater Mg/Ca ...
Thesis proposal
Thesis proposal

... additional, stable neutron. The isotope generally has little effect on the chemical properties of an element, as these are chiefly determined by electronic configuration. Yet small differences in chemical behaviour of two isotopes of a given element do exist. For a given element in fixed environment ...
The international thermodynamic equation of seawater - TEOS-10
The international thermodynamic equation of seawater - TEOS-10

... A.6  Gibbs  function  of  seawater  ………………………………….…………….……..…...  86   A.7  The  fundamental  thermodynamic  relation  ………………………………….……...  87   A.8  The  “conservative”  and  “isobaric  conservative”  properties  ……………….…..….  87   A.9   The   “potential”   property   ……………….……….………………………………...... ...
The International thermodynamic equation of seawater
The International thermodynamic equation of seawater

... using  the  International  Thermodynamic  Equation  Of  Seawater  –  2010  (TEOS‐10).    This  thermodynamic  description  of  seawater  is  based  on  a  Gibbs  function  formulation  from  which  thermodynamic  properties  such  as  entropy,  potential  temperature,  enthalpy  and  potential  enth ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
Sample pages 2 PDF

... trigger of coastal upwelling is the wind‐induced offshore movement of surface water, which is replenished with water from below. In the case of equatorial upwelling, the prevailing trade winds induce net surface water movement away from the equator in both hemispheres, resulting in its replacement b ...
R97_51_52_FINAL_REPORT
R97_51_52_FINAL_REPORT

... the main cruises offshore the West of Ireland. This lists, where known, the programme name, ship, source of funding, cruise dates, descriptive location, co-ordinates, chief scientist, contact address, data types and comments. Five versions are provided in the text: an alphabetical list by vessel nam ...
Dealing with Ocean Acidification - University of Houston Law Center
Dealing with Ocean Acidification - University of Houston Law Center

... world’s  ocean2  has  been  absorbing  much  of  the  “extra”  carbon  dioxide  that  humans   have  been  producing,  especially  since  the  Industrial  Revolution  and  the  large-­‐scale   burning   of   fossil   fuels.  3  However,   o ...
TSUNAMI HISTORY - RECORDED V.K.Gusiakov Tsunami
TSUNAMI HISTORY - RECORDED V.K.Gusiakov Tsunami

... (Pararas-Caraynnis, 1991). However, at that time, the ITIC efforts were not sufficiently supported both financially and conceptually. Also, few tsunami data were available in the computer readable form. Therefore, the progress in further data collection was slow, and the proposed format did not beco ...
Seamount physiography and biology in the north
Seamount physiography and biology in the north

... Parties and the European Commission. OSPAR has included seamounts in the list of threatened and/or declining habitats and defined these features as undersea mountains whose summits rise more than 1000 m above the surrounding seafloor (OSPAR, 2008). The official OSPAR database (consulted in September ...
Understanding the marine environment – seabed habitat
Understanding the marine environment – seabed habitat

... Figure 1. Location of AoS (Submarine structures in the mid-Irish Sea and Solan Bank). Figure 2. Submarine structures in the mid-Irish Sea AoS (red polygon). Pre-existing multibeam data from SEA6 survey for DTI referred to as Texel 11 and Texel 10. Figure 3. Location of seabed depressions based on BG ...
Cover - IMBER
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... Session   C1:   Beyond   ‘Z’:   what   modellers   need   and   empiricists   have   to   offer   to   better   incorporate  higher  trophic  levels  and  humans  in  end-­‐to-­‐end  models  ........................  306   Session  C3:  Integrate ...
Tsunami Information Kit for the Media
Tsunami Information Kit for the Media

... The document was produced by The Seismic Research Centre, University of the West Indies (SRC, UWI). Special appreciation is extended to the Tsunami and Other Coastal Hazards Warning System Project Public Awareness and Education Technical Sub-Committee and the UNESCO IOC International Tsunami Informa ...
Location and Areal Extent of Polynyas in the Bering and Chukchi Seas
Location and Areal Extent of Polynyas in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

... the Bering and Chukchi seas, as well as to quangenerated” and “wind-driven” polynyas. Sensible heat titatively determine polynya areas and relate these areas to clipolynyas occur where sea water is above the freezing point and sufficient oceanic heat is available to the water surface to matological ...
Status of Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Sea 2012
Status of Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Sea 2012

... Surface not overlapping with other MPAs ...
Tsunami Science and Hazard - Manual
Tsunami Science and Hazard - Manual

... period, usually generated by disturbances associated with earthquakes occurring below or near the ocean floor (also called seismic sea wave and, incorrectly, tidal wave). Volcanic eruptions, submarine landslides, and coastal rock falls can also generate tsunamis, as can a large meteorite impacting t ...
Microzooplankton Community Structure and Grazing Impact Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula
Microzooplankton Community Structure and Grazing Impact Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula

... webs as they can be significant grazers of phytoplankton and bacteria, remineralizers of nutrients, and prey for higher trophic levels. The importance of microzooplankton in many pelagic ecosystems has been established, yet compared to larger zooplankton, microzooplankton are understudied in the Sou ...
O A
O A

... wind is generally controlled by monsoon system of the Arabian Sea. In winter the SW wind prevails and the wind is from NW in summer. The mean sea level in Red Sea region is highest in winter and lowest in summer due to the water evaporation. The hydrodynamic features of the Red Sea coast shown that ...
Study in support of Impact Assessment work for ocean energy
Study in support of Impact Assessment work for ocean energy

... 2014/beginning of 2015 there will be 26 approved projects by the ISA with a total covered area of ...
Annex 5 Ongoing and planned activity
Annex 5 Ongoing and planned activity

... 2014/beginning of 2015 there will be 26 approved projects by the ISA with a total covered area of ...
The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic
The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic

... Plastics are malleable solids made of high molecular weight organic polymers. Most are entirely synthetic – primarily made from petrochemicals – although some are cellulose-based. The first plastics to become commonly used were permanently hard and brittle, such as shellac, for gramophone records fro ...
New perspectives in benthic deep-sea microbial ecology
New perspectives in benthic deep-sea microbial ecology

... sampled to investigate deep-sea microbes. The analysis of these samples has revealed that at least 2.9 × 1029 prokaryotes inhabit the first few meters of sediment depth (Kallmeyer et al., 2012) suggesting that half of the microbial cells in the Earth’s oceans are found in the sediments (Lloyd et al. ...
Marine litter in Nordic waters
Marine litter in Nordic waters

... should look like to achieve or maintain good environmental status (GES) in the marine environment by 2020 (European Commission, 2008). However, it has also been recognized that as of today there is only a limited amount of information about the regional differences in sources, levels, composition, f ...
Marine Litter in Nordic waters
Marine Litter in Nordic waters

... The MSFD GES Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter reviews variation in marine litter sources between regional seas (JRC Scientific and Technical Reports 2011). In the Mediterranean, 80% of the waste was thought to be from land-based sources, mainly related to shoreline and recreational activities. In ...
Clay Minerals, Deep Circulation and Climate
Clay Minerals, Deep Circulation and Climate

... identified by their characteristic basal X-ray diffraction maxima (i.e., ‘‘reflection’’ or ‘‘peak’’; Brindley & Brown, 1980; Moore & Reynolds, 1989). The term ‘‘clay minerals’’ refers to mineral groups rather than specific mineralogical species. ‘‘Illite’’ is used ‘‘as a general term for the clay mi ...
Teacher Resouces Booklet - CIOSS
Teacher Resouces Booklet - CIOSS

... • Series of waves produced when ocean (or another body of water) is rapidly displaced • Can be caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, underwater explosions, meteorite impacts and nuclear weapons testing • Has a small wave height offshore, but a very long wavelength • Tsunamis are oft ...
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Sea



A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.
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