HMS Challenger NHD Essay FINAL COPY
... Africa, through the southern Indian Ocean, into the Antarctic Circle, past Australia, across the Pacific Ocean, around the tip of South America, and back home in the May of 1876 (see Appendix B).22 During this route, the Challenger collected a standard set of data, including water depth, temperatur ...
... Africa, through the southern Indian Ocean, into the Antarctic Circle, past Australia, across the Pacific Ocean, around the tip of South America, and back home in the May of 1876 (see Appendix B).22 During this route, the Challenger collected a standard set of data, including water depth, temperatur ...
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... Earth. In this context, the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) concluded that changes in global climate over the past 50 years were very likely caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and not to known natural causes alo ...
... Earth. In this context, the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) concluded that changes in global climate over the past 50 years were very likely caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and not to known natural causes alo ...
UK SeaMap 2010
... 6% of the seabed in the UK marine area. Through the combination of physical data describing the marine environment with information from biological sampling, a broadscale predictive map of seabed habitats has been made. A confidence map has been produced to accompany the habitat map. The third compo ...
... 6% of the seabed in the UK marine area. Through the combination of physical data describing the marine environment with information from biological sampling, a broadscale predictive map of seabed habitats has been made. A confidence map has been produced to accompany the habitat map. The third compo ...
The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean
... using a 212-layer model. They forced the model with annual wind-stress and heat-flux climatologies, compared their solution to the existing observational data base, and reviewed prior modelling work. Among other things, MKM first pointed out the importance of remote-forcing effects from the Bay of B ...
... using a 212-layer model. They forced the model with annual wind-stress and heat-flux climatologies, compared their solution to the existing observational data base, and reviewed prior modelling work. Among other things, MKM first pointed out the importance of remote-forcing effects from the Bay of B ...
View/Open - Earth
... of 1040 kg/m3), unconsolidated sediments (density of 1900 kg/m3), evaporites (density 2200 kg/m3) and a 5 km constant thickness crust (density of 2670 kg/m3) limited by and parallel to the base of the evaporites. Grids of bathymetry and sediment thickness were produced at 0.15 km of spatial resolut ...
... of 1040 kg/m3), unconsolidated sediments (density of 1900 kg/m3), evaporites (density 2200 kg/m3) and a 5 km constant thickness crust (density of 2670 kg/m3) limited by and parallel to the base of the evaporites. Grids of bathymetry and sediment thickness were produced at 0.15 km of spatial resolut ...
Review of Ocean Literacy in European Maritime Policy
... healthy ocean and seas, healthy communities and ultimately a healthy planet. In the policy context, it is anticipated that creating a more ocean literate society in Europe will result in increased interest in, understanding of and engagement with marine policy. This is in view of the fact that we ar ...
... healthy ocean and seas, healthy communities and ultimately a healthy planet. In the policy context, it is anticipated that creating a more ocean literate society in Europe will result in increased interest in, understanding of and engagement with marine policy. This is in view of the fact that we ar ...
Glossary of Physical Oceanography and Related Disciplines
... formed by turbidity currents which covered the preexisting topography. Most abyssal plains are located between the base of the continental rise and the abyssal hills. The remainder are trench abyssal plains that lie in the bottom of deep-sea trenches. This latter type traps all sediment from turbidi ...
... formed by turbidity currents which covered the preexisting topography. Most abyssal plains are located between the base of the continental rise and the abyssal hills. The remainder are trench abyssal plains that lie in the bottom of deep-sea trenches. This latter type traps all sediment from turbidi ...
Oceanography and Marine Biology An Annual Review volume 47
... recycling and the carbon cycle is acknowledged. The system concept used in EUR-OCEANS is similar to the Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) introduced by Sherman et al. (1993). The aim of LME was to define sea areas on the basis of distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity and trophic interactions to ...
... recycling and the carbon cycle is acknowledged. The system concept used in EUR-OCEANS is similar to the Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) introduced by Sherman et al. (1993). The aim of LME was to define sea areas on the basis of distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity and trophic interactions to ...
Paleoceanographic applications of trace
... the Black Sea (Fig. 2B; n.b., all Mo/TOC ratios given in this study represent ppm/% and thus have units of ×10 − 4). Despite the limited number of modern systems available for analysis, the relationship of [Mo]aq concentrations to [Mo/TOC]s is robust (Fig. 3A; r = 0.96; p(α) b 0.01). This relationsh ...
... the Black Sea (Fig. 2B; n.b., all Mo/TOC ratios given in this study represent ppm/% and thus have units of ×10 − 4). Despite the limited number of modern systems available for analysis, the relationship of [Mo]aq concentrations to [Mo/TOC]s is robust (Fig. 3A; r = 0.96; p(α) b 0.01). This relationsh ...
DETERMINATION OF RUBIDIUM IN SEAWATER
... simple potentiometer circuit was used for background current and sensitivity adjustment. While input impedance of this circuit is higher than that recommended for the recorder, this did not lower the full scale response or increase the response time significantly. Since special difficulties attend e ...
... simple potentiometer circuit was used for background current and sensitivity adjustment. While input impedance of this circuit is higher than that recommended for the recorder, this did not lower the full scale response or increase the response time significantly. Since special difficulties attend e ...
Marine Strategy for the Netherlands part of the North Sea 2012
... to be improved or will be added later. The monitoring programme will be completed in 2014. • Measures. The new policy assignments are the starting point for developing the most effective and cost- and implementation-efficient measures. A decision on the programme of measures will be taken in 2015. ...
... to be improved or will be added later. The monitoring programme will be completed in 2014. • Measures. The new policy assignments are the starting point for developing the most effective and cost- and implementation-efficient measures. A decision on the programme of measures will be taken in 2015. ...
Marine Litter Network
... fisheries. Marine litter, either originating from the vessels or from the shores or rivers, is a “visible” pollution problem along the coasts of the Black Sea, in the sea itself and on the bottom of the sea. Marine litter is also a transboundary problem in this enclosed sea basin which displays a ve ...
... fisheries. Marine litter, either originating from the vessels or from the shores or rivers, is a “visible” pollution problem along the coasts of the Black Sea, in the sea itself and on the bottom of the sea. Marine litter is also a transboundary problem in this enclosed sea basin which displays a ve ...
Presence of Prochlorococcus in the aphotic waters
... Revised: 12 February 2014 – Accepted: 13 February 2014 – Published: 29 April 2014 ...
... Revised: 12 February 2014 – Accepted: 13 February 2014 – Published: 29 April 2014 ...
Benthic Exchange and Biogeochemical Cycling in Permeable
... from those associated with molecular diffusive transport, and advective pore-water flows dominate exchange processes in the sediment surface layers. This fluid exchange tightly couples shelf water column and sedimentary biogeochemical processes. In contrast to the deep ocean, where environmental condi ...
... from those associated with molecular diffusive transport, and advective pore-water flows dominate exchange processes in the sediment surface layers. This fluid exchange tightly couples shelf water column and sedimentary biogeochemical processes. In contrast to the deep ocean, where environmental condi ...
Variability of Particle Size Distributions in the Bohai Sea and the
... and sediments [16,17]. These constituents are generally divided into dissolved and particulate parts by using 0.2 µm as a threshold. The size of the distribution of the dissolved materials has rarely been reported. The size of the structure of the particulate materials (often called suspended partic ...
... and sediments [16,17]. These constituents are generally divided into dissolved and particulate parts by using 0.2 µm as a threshold. The size of the distribution of the dissolved materials has rarely been reported. The size of the structure of the particulate materials (often called suspended partic ...
Adriatic Sea: Ecology
... ADRIAMED: Scientific cooperation to develop fishing management in the Adriatic Sea (Albania, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Italy). This project has been ongoing since 1999 with funding from MIPAAF and EC- DGMARE (http://www.faoadriamed.org/); ADRIPLAN: Funded by the EU, this initiative is aimed ...
... ADRIAMED: Scientific cooperation to develop fishing management in the Adriatic Sea (Albania, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Italy). This project has been ongoing since 1999 with funding from MIPAAF and EC- DGMARE (http://www.faoadriamed.org/); ADRIPLAN: Funded by the EU, this initiative is aimed ...
Arctic sea surface height variability and change from satellite radar
... central Arctic. Scaling by the size of the central Arctic basin (1013 m2), a volume flux of 50 mSv over 6 months of the year represents a change in mean SSH of 8 cm. Results from tide gauges show that the Russian shelf seas have very large seasonal SSH variations [Proshutinsky et al., 2004]. A stud ...
... central Arctic. Scaling by the size of the central Arctic basin (1013 m2), a volume flux of 50 mSv over 6 months of the year represents a change in mean SSH of 8 cm. Results from tide gauges show that the Russian shelf seas have very large seasonal SSH variations [Proshutinsky et al., 2004]. A stud ...
THE OFFICIAl MAGAzINE OF THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY
... determining the effect of changes in ionic composition. This is not always the case because non-electrolytes like Si(OH)4 are not detected by conductivity. There were quite a few committee discussions about how salinity should be defined. Physicists on the panel thought of salinity as 3.5 x 10–3 or ...
... determining the effect of changes in ionic composition. This is not always the case because non-electrolytes like Si(OH)4 are not detected by conductivity. There were quite a few committee discussions about how salinity should be defined. Physicists on the panel thought of salinity as 3.5 x 10–3 or ...
Tides and tidal currents in the Pearl River Estuary
... overall complexity of these coastal environments. The interaction of river flow, tidal currents, and basin morphology produces the type of circulation and related salinity structure characteristic of a particular estuary that affects the species composition and distribution of flora and fauna. Tides a ...
... overall complexity of these coastal environments. The interaction of river flow, tidal currents, and basin morphology produces the type of circulation and related salinity structure characteristic of a particular estuary that affects the species composition and distribution of flora and fauna. Tides a ...
Review - International Maritime Organization
... The global annual production of plastics is around 280 million tons, the vast majority being for disposable items (Santos and Duarte, 2015). About 8% of oil produced in the world is used to manufacture plastics, half of which are polyolefins (such as polyethylene and polypropylene), mainly for singl ...
... The global annual production of plastics is around 280 million tons, the vast majority being for disposable items (Santos and Duarte, 2015). About 8% of oil produced in the world is used to manufacture plastics, half of which are polyolefins (such as polyethylene and polypropylene), mainly for singl ...
Deep-Sea Life
... North East Porcupine Seabight to trace the internal wave beams, similar to the method used in Pingree & New (1991). Internal tidal waves seem to be generated around an abnormality of the continental slope at around 1200m depth. Propagating upslope they graze the sea bed and reflect off the continent ...
... North East Porcupine Seabight to trace the internal wave beams, similar to the method used in Pingree & New (1991). Internal tidal waves seem to be generated around an abnormality of the continental slope at around 1200m depth. Propagating upslope they graze the sea bed and reflect off the continent ...
Resource Data and GIS Tool
... Figure 37: Mediterranean and Black Seas Region: All Ports Map from GIS (Source: RSE) .............................. 62 Figure 38: Atlantic Ocean Region: All Ports Map from GIS (Source: RSE) ....................................................... 63 Figure 39: North and Black Seas: Cities GIS Map (So ...
... Figure 37: Mediterranean and Black Seas Region: All Ports Map from GIS (Source: RSE) .............................. 62 Figure 38: Atlantic Ocean Region: All Ports Map from GIS (Source: RSE) ....................................................... 63 Figure 39: North and Black Seas: Cities GIS Map (So ...
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... become meagre and start to feed (Lockwood et al., 1981; ICES, 2014c). This oligotrophic environment probably cannot provide sufficient food, which each summer may force mackerel to migrate to more productive waters further north. On an interannual time scale, it is interesting to note that silicate ...
... become meagre and start to feed (Lockwood et al., 1981; ICES, 2014c). This oligotrophic environment probably cannot provide sufficient food, which each summer may force mackerel to migrate to more productive waters further north. On an interannual time scale, it is interesting to note that silicate ...
(GOODS): biogeographic classification - unesdoc
... areas have more subdued environmental gradients. These are defined and delineated at the meso-scale. Bioregionalisation — A regionalisation that includes biological as well as physical data in analyses to define regions for administrative purposes. Classifying large areas by their defined environmental ...
... areas have more subdued environmental gradients. These are defined and delineated at the meso-scale. Bioregionalisation — A regionalisation that includes biological as well as physical data in analyses to define regions for administrative purposes. Classifying large areas by their defined environmental ...
C IESM Workshop Monographs Towards an integrated system of
... In addition, forecasts of global climate change over the next century are expected to impose dramatic economic, ecological and societal changes in all the 21 countries surrounding the Mediterranean. For example, changes to surface temperature, sea level, storminess, erosion, biodiversity, fisheries, ...
... In addition, forecasts of global climate change over the next century are expected to impose dramatic economic, ecological and societal changes in all the 21 countries surrounding the Mediterranean. For example, changes to surface temperature, sea level, storminess, erosion, biodiversity, fisheries, ...
Sea
A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.