Bering Strait Region Case Study
... Seasonally dynamic sea ice conditions of all types are to be found in this natural bottleneck separating the Bering and Chukchi seas and include shorefast ice, polynyas, pack ice, and pan ice. Seasonally, this sea ice serves as a habitat for small fauna, birds, and marine mammals. Ice in the Chukchi ...
... Seasonally dynamic sea ice conditions of all types are to be found in this natural bottleneck separating the Bering and Chukchi seas and include shorefast ice, polynyas, pack ice, and pan ice. Seasonally, this sea ice serves as a habitat for small fauna, birds, and marine mammals. Ice in the Chukchi ...
Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global
... One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the op ...
... One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the op ...
Coupled Marine Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Interaction Initiative:
... Weather, wave and ocean forecasts have a profound impact on Naval operations around the world. Beside providing information about expected changes in the battlespace environment, these forecasts are also used to provide much needed information about the visibility of the fleet and their ability to p ...
... Weather, wave and ocean forecasts have a profound impact on Naval operations around the world. Beside providing information about expected changes in the battlespace environment, these forecasts are also used to provide much needed information about the visibility of the fleet and their ability to p ...
The Ocean Challenge Badge - Food and Agriculture Organization of
... 70 percent of the Ear th’s surface, and is essential for life on our planet – even for those of us who live nowhere near the sea! er materials that we need, It provides us all with food and oth half of the oxygen we regulates our climate and provides ous means of transport and breathe. The ocean als ...
... 70 percent of the Ear th’s surface, and is essential for life on our planet – even for those of us who live nowhere near the sea! er materials that we need, It provides us all with food and oth half of the oxygen we regulates our climate and provides ous means of transport and breathe. The ocean als ...
Nutrient gradients in the western North Atlantic Ocean
... BATS site, and their detection limit is B50 nM, N+N has been detectable in the upper 100 m only during periods of deep winter mixing (Michaels et al., 1994; Michaels and Knap, 1996). We used the chemiluminescence method of Garside (1982) for our N+N analyses, which allowed us to generate a more comp ...
... BATS site, and their detection limit is B50 nM, N+N has been detectable in the upper 100 m only during periods of deep winter mixing (Michaels et al., 1994; Michaels and Knap, 1996). We used the chemiluminescence method of Garside (1982) for our N+N analyses, which allowed us to generate a more comp ...
4. Objectives and deliverables of the project - Cordis
... research projects not infrequently were significantly departing from each other although they originated from one and the same raw data sources. However, for the last 4-5 years, the invigoration of the general situation in the Russian Federation, resulted not only in gradual restoration of the previ ...
... research projects not infrequently were significantly departing from each other although they originated from one and the same raw data sources. However, for the last 4-5 years, the invigoration of the general situation in the Russian Federation, resulted not only in gradual restoration of the previ ...
the seamounts of the gorringe bank
... 13ºW and 5ºW, to which this range belongs33. This area is also known for having a strong geodic anomaly, magnetic anomalies with a strong positive gravity34 and as being a North–South convergence zone with a slow rate of 4 millimetres a year35. But there is also a more complex seismology in Gorringe ...
... 13ºW and 5ºW, to which this range belongs33. This area is also known for having a strong geodic anomaly, magnetic anomalies with a strong positive gravity34 and as being a North–South convergence zone with a slow rate of 4 millimetres a year35. But there is also a more complex seismology in Gorringe ...
phosphorus recycling in brackish and marine environments
... the North Sea. Introduction of sewage treatment plants in major cities in the 1960’s and further improvements of these in the 70’s and 80’s decreased the phosphorus and later nitrogen loads to the waters. Despite the decreased loads to the Baltic Sea the water quality did not improve. Recently, this ...
... the North Sea. Introduction of sewage treatment plants in major cities in the 1960’s and further improvements of these in the 70’s and 80’s decreased the phosphorus and later nitrogen loads to the waters. Despite the decreased loads to the Baltic Sea the water quality did not improve. Recently, this ...
Global Distribution, Composition and Abundance of Marine Litter
... Abstract Marine debris is commonly observed everywhere in the oceans. Litter enters the seas from both land-based sources, from ships and other installations at sea, from point and diffuse sources, and can travel long distances before being stranded. Plastics typically constitute the most important ...
... Abstract Marine debris is commonly observed everywhere in the oceans. Litter enters the seas from both land-based sources, from ships and other installations at sea, from point and diffuse sources, and can travel long distances before being stranded. Plastics typically constitute the most important ...
Protecting the Deep Sea Under International Law
... The recent expansion of fishing effort to the deep sea has given rise to increasing concern about the impacts of deep-sea fishing on the marine environment of the deep sea. Due to the demersal nature of most targeted deep-sea species, the extensive use of bottom trawling has had serious and probably ...
... The recent expansion of fishing effort to the deep sea has given rise to increasing concern about the impacts of deep-sea fishing on the marine environment of the deep sea. Due to the demersal nature of most targeted deep-sea species, the extensive use of bottom trawling has had serious and probably ...
Ocean and Sustainability Curriculum for American Spaces by the
... planet is covered by water. Water is found in the ocean, rivers, ponds, lakes, groundwater, ice caps, glaciers, and in the atmosphere as water vapor and clouds. Water changes state and moves from place to place through the water cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Although Earth's ...
... planet is covered by water. Water is found in the ocean, rivers, ponds, lakes, groundwater, ice caps, glaciers, and in the atmosphere as water vapor and clouds. Water changes state and moves from place to place through the water cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Although Earth's ...
American Spaces Facilitator Packet 3.17.15
... planet is covered by water. Water is found in the ocean, rivers, ponds, lakes, groundwater, ice caps, glaciers, and in the atmosphere as water vapor and clouds. Water changes state and moves from place to place through the water cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Although Earth's ...
... planet is covered by water. Water is found in the ocean, rivers, ponds, lakes, groundwater, ice caps, glaciers, and in the atmosphere as water vapor and clouds. Water changes state and moves from place to place through the water cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Although Earth's ...
annexes - Common Wadden Sea Secretariat
... Future impacts of global climate change and enhanced sea level rise may induce significant changes and challenge the adaptability of structure, functions and characteristic biodiversity of the Wadden Sea World Heritage Site. . Addressing these impacts as a cross cutting theme is a major challenge. T ...
... Future impacts of global climate change and enhanced sea level rise may induce significant changes and challenge the adaptability of structure, functions and characteristic biodiversity of the Wadden Sea World Heritage Site. . Addressing these impacts as a cross cutting theme is a major challenge. T ...
Ecology of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic
... Revised: 12 April 2011 – Accepted: 13 April 2011 – Published: 20 April 2011 ...
... Revised: 12 April 2011 – Accepted: 13 April 2011 – Published: 20 April 2011 ...
Sea Search Manual
... to ensure they are wearing the appropriate clothing and footwear for a planned activity. Shoes must be sturdy, with a solid sole, covered toes and good grip. Protection against the elements, such as a hat, sunscreen, sunglasses and water bottle are also important. If rain is predicted ensure adequat ...
... to ensure they are wearing the appropriate clothing and footwear for a planned activity. Shoes must be sturdy, with a solid sole, covered toes and good grip. Protection against the elements, such as a hat, sunscreen, sunglasses and water bottle are also important. If rain is predicted ensure adequat ...
(pdf)
... Arabian Sea. These subsurface regions are driven to suboxia by the coincidence of rapid organic matter delivery with a slow re-supply of dissolved oxygen (Olson et al., 1993; Sarma, 2002; Wyrtki, 1962). In theory, the extent of water column denitrification could be significantly altered by changing ...
... Arabian Sea. These subsurface regions are driven to suboxia by the coincidence of rapid organic matter delivery with a slow re-supply of dissolved oxygen (Olson et al., 1993; Sarma, 2002; Wyrtki, 1962). In theory, the extent of water column denitrification could be significantly altered by changing ...
Early ice retreat and ocean warming may induce copepod
... and Hirche, 2009; Hopcroft et al., 2010; Darnis and Fortier, 2014] and are high-quality food for the commercial fish species such as pollock, cod, capelin, and herring [Hunt et al., 2002; Wassmann et al., 2006b]. The endemic calanoid C. glacialis is the most important species of this genus in the Arc ...
... and Hirche, 2009; Hopcroft et al., 2010; Darnis and Fortier, 2014] and are high-quality food for the commercial fish species such as pollock, cod, capelin, and herring [Hunt et al., 2002; Wassmann et al., 2006b]. The endemic calanoid C. glacialis is the most important species of this genus in the Arc ...
IOC/BSRC Workshop on Black Sea Fluxes, Istanbul, Turkey, 10
... change considerably, as new data are obtained and instruments developed. It is now necessary to use satellite data for the determination of the intensity of biological processes and their temporal fluctuations. This concerns the study of an assimilative pump, the phytoplankton, which transfers disso ...
... change considerably, as new data are obtained and instruments developed. It is now necessary to use satellite data for the determination of the intensity of biological processes and their temporal fluctuations. This concerns the study of an assimilative pump, the phytoplankton, which transfers disso ...
Ecology of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria - HAL-Insu
... Revised: 12 April 2011 – Accepted: 13 April 2011 – Published: 20 April 2011 ...
... Revised: 12 April 2011 – Accepted: 13 April 2011 – Published: 20 April 2011 ...
Black$Sea$Checkpoint$$ Literature$Survey
... methodology developed for the Mediterranean Sea Checkpoint, now followed also by the Atlantic Checkpoint. The basic terminology for “data” is defined in terms of “characteristics” and the environmental matrix where they are defined. The SeaDataNet common vocabulary is used to provide discovery param ...
... methodology developed for the Mediterranean Sea Checkpoint, now followed also by the Atlantic Checkpoint. The basic terminology for “data” is defined in terms of “characteristics” and the environmental matrix where they are defined. The SeaDataNet common vocabulary is used to provide discovery param ...
Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam
... the basement. Intense canyon cutting, presumed to have been caused by the rapid deposition of unstable masses of riverborn sediment over the outer shelf and upper slope, is thought to have begun in Late Tertiary and Quaternary time. Concurrent with canyon cutting, submarine fans, consisting of turbi ...
... the basement. Intense canyon cutting, presumed to have been caused by the rapid deposition of unstable masses of riverborn sediment over the outer shelf and upper slope, is thought to have begun in Late Tertiary and Quaternary time. Concurrent with canyon cutting, submarine fans, consisting of turbi ...
Natural Heritage Trends: The Seas Around Scotland
... Of the 16 commercially exploited sea fish species for which Scottish data are available, seven were considered by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) to be outside safe biological limits in 2002/03. ...
... Of the 16 commercially exploited sea fish species for which Scottish data are available, seven were considered by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) to be outside safe biological limits in 2002/03. ...
Iodine chemistry reflects productivity and denitrification in the
... Free sulfide was not measurable (o0.1 nM) at any of the stations or depths sampled during March or April 1995, but detectable (B2 nM) sulfide was observed in October 1992 (Theberge et al., 1997). ...
... Free sulfide was not measurable (o0.1 nM) at any of the stations or depths sampled during March or April 1995, but detectable (B2 nM) sulfide was observed in October 1992 (Theberge et al., 1997). ...
Indian Ocean Rising: Maritime Security and Policy Challenges
... Despite its significant geographic span and its large and growing population, the Indian Ocean has long suffered a relative neglect in world geopolitics. For most of the 20th century the region’s role and importance were mostly overshadowed, considered subsidiary to super power rivalries largely ena ...
... Despite its significant geographic span and its large and growing population, the Indian Ocean has long suffered a relative neglect in world geopolitics. For most of the 20th century the region’s role and importance were mostly overshadowed, considered subsidiary to super power rivalries largely ena ...
Defending the last ocean
... the Southern Ocean that bathes its icy shores are often described as distant, barren and inhospitable. This reputation is not entirely without merit: Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, highest and driest place on Earth.1 However, despite its remoteness and extreme climate, the Antarctic teems with ...
... the Southern Ocean that bathes its icy shores are often described as distant, barren and inhospitable. This reputation is not entirely without merit: Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, highest and driest place on Earth.1 However, despite its remoteness and extreme climate, the Antarctic teems with ...
Sea
A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.