Litter on the seafloor-HELCOM candidate core indictor report
... found in the deepest areas and at locations as remote from land as the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, located at about 2,000 km from land and at depths of 7,216m in the Ryuku trench south of Japan. In shallow coastal areas (<40m depth), the abundance of marine debris is g ...
... found in the deepest areas and at locations as remote from land as the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, located at about 2,000 km from land and at depths of 7,216m in the Ryuku trench south of Japan. In shallow coastal areas (<40m depth), the abundance of marine debris is g ...
Sea-Floor Massive Sulphides 1A - SPC
... Hydrothermal vents were first discovered at the Galapagos Rift in 1977 (Corliss et al 1979). Observations made in 1979 from the manned submersible Alvin on the East Pacific Rise revealed vents where superheated water was emerging from the sea floor at temperatures exceeding 350°C. These vents were a ...
... Hydrothermal vents were first discovered at the Galapagos Rift in 1977 (Corliss et al 1979). Observations made in 1979 from the manned submersible Alvin on the East Pacific Rise revealed vents where superheated water was emerging from the sea floor at temperatures exceeding 350°C. These vents were a ...
Diversity of cultivated and metabolically active
... (station A), in the Ionian Sea (station B) and in the Levantine Sea (station C). Water samples were retrieved using 12 l Niskin bottles fitted on a Rosette sampler equipped with conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) sensors. For bacterial cultures, samples were kept in the dark and at 4 ◦ C unti ...
... (station A), in the Ionian Sea (station B) and in the Levantine Sea (station C). Water samples were retrieved using 12 l Niskin bottles fitted on a Rosette sampler equipped with conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) sensors. For bacterial cultures, samples were kept in the dark and at 4 ◦ C unti ...
Fish communities across a spectrum of habitats in the western
... composition and habitat use supports the goals of SOAR by providing a baseline against which to measure future change. In addition, it provides insight into how climate change might impact Arctic fish communities and the predators that depend on them via changes to their habitat. Surveys have been co ...
... composition and habitat use supports the goals of SOAR by providing a baseline against which to measure future change. In addition, it provides insight into how climate change might impact Arctic fish communities and the predators that depend on them via changes to their habitat. Surveys have been co ...
Basin-wide seasonal evolution of the Indian Ocean`s
... bloom peak tmax was constrained within a prescribed 6month time interval, while the time of the bloom onset tmin was only constrained to precede the corresponding tmax. Thus the onset of summer blooms does not necessarily occur in summer, and often occurs before 15 May, and the onset of winter bloom ...
... bloom peak tmax was constrained within a prescribed 6month time interval, while the time of the bloom onset tmin was only constrained to precede the corresponding tmax. Thus the onset of summer blooms does not necessarily occur in summer, and often occurs before 15 May, and the onset of winter bloom ...
1. Research vessels and related equipment 1.1 Research vessels
... Marine Research at Bremerhaven. It is designed to carry out measurements along preprogrammed courses and water depths, generally launched and recovered by a surface vessel. The maximum diving depth of the AUV is 3000 m with an average speed of 3 - 4 knots and a travelling distance of ~ 70 km (which ...
... Marine Research at Bremerhaven. It is designed to carry out measurements along preprogrammed courses and water depths, generally launched and recovered by a surface vessel. The maximum diving depth of the AUV is 3000 m with an average speed of 3 - 4 knots and a travelling distance of ~ 70 km (which ...
Full-Text PDF - BioPublisher
... 2003). Low pH values could allow toxic elements to become more available for uptake by aquatic plants and animals. This can produce conditions that are toxic to aquatic life (Faragallah et al., 2009). In this study the relatively higher pH values were recorded during summer (8.11-8.27) in which the ...
... 2003). Low pH values could allow toxic elements to become more available for uptake by aquatic plants and animals. This can produce conditions that are toxic to aquatic life (Faragallah et al., 2009). In this study the relatively higher pH values were recorded during summer (8.11-8.27) in which the ...
CAGE Annual Report 2014 - Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate
... is likely to have occurred during the high temperature serpentinization of ultramafic rocks. Analysis of Gas Hydrate Stability Zone dynamics in the Norwegian Arctic The Barents Sea is a major part of the North Atlantic where warm Atlantic water mixes with the cold Arctic waters. Abundant shallow gas ...
... is likely to have occurred during the high temperature serpentinization of ultramafic rocks. Analysis of Gas Hydrate Stability Zone dynamics in the Norwegian Arctic The Barents Sea is a major part of the North Atlantic where warm Atlantic water mixes with the cold Arctic waters. Abundant shallow gas ...
A Three-Dimensional Model of the Lithosphere Dynamics
... thereby attracts the attention of both scientists and statesmen. This region is characterized by a very high geodynamic and seismic activity, which makes it seismically hazardous. The strongest earthquakes with magnitudes of 8.0 and higher are known to have occurred on the southern, western, and eas ...
... thereby attracts the attention of both scientists and statesmen. This region is characterized by a very high geodynamic and seismic activity, which makes it seismically hazardous. The strongest earthquakes with magnitudes of 8.0 and higher are known to have occurred on the southern, western, and eas ...
Waves are “disturbances”
... on. The energy of the disturbance gets passed The energy can move great distances, but the dominos along by the medium – for example, by water hardly move at all. molecules bumping into one another, like a row of dominos – and then returns to normal. The key factor required to sustain waves in a med ...
... on. The energy of the disturbance gets passed The energy can move great distances, but the dominos along by the medium – for example, by water hardly move at all. molecules bumping into one another, like a row of dominos – and then returns to normal. The key factor required to sustain waves in a med ...
Lytic viral infection of bacterioplankton in deep
... appeared at 50–100 m in most of our sampling stations. Viral abundance significantly decreased with depth from epipelagic waters to meso- and bathypelagic waters (Fig. 2; ANOVA on rank, P < 0.001). In the mesopelagic zone, viral abundance was 1.32 ± 0.87 × 109 particles L−1 and, in the bathypelagic ...
... appeared at 50–100 m in most of our sampling stations. Viral abundance significantly decreased with depth from epipelagic waters to meso- and bathypelagic waters (Fig. 2; ANOVA on rank, P < 0.001). In the mesopelagic zone, viral abundance was 1.32 ± 0.87 × 109 particles L−1 and, in the bathypelagic ...
system degraded by excess nutrients given that a suitable nutri-
... Human population growth and its associated activities have altered the landscape, hydrologic cycles, and the flux of nutrients essential to plant growth at accelerating rates over the last several centuries (1, 2). Fossil-fuel consumption and food production in support of burgeoning human population ...
... Human population growth and its associated activities have altered the landscape, hydrologic cycles, and the flux of nutrients essential to plant growth at accelerating rates over the last several centuries (1, 2). Fossil-fuel consumption and food production in support of burgeoning human population ...
Tsunami - Pacific Disaster Net
... infrastructure, flattening trees, churning up soil and even washing away entire villages. The inundation can also cause severe coastal erosion and affect areas upstream from the coast since tsunami waves can travel up rivers and streams from the ocean. Wave speed/force. Tsunami waves travel at 36-54 ...
... infrastructure, flattening trees, churning up soil and even washing away entire villages. The inundation can also cause severe coastal erosion and affect areas upstream from the coast since tsunami waves can travel up rivers and streams from the ocean. Wave speed/force. Tsunami waves travel at 36-54 ...
Comparison of free-living, suspended particle, and aggregate
... Arctic (Huston & Deming 2002) or the diversity of microbial communities associated with POM sinking through the ‘twilight’ zone of any ocean. Pelagic microbial diversity in the Arctic has been studied based on whole water samples collected from the central Arctic (Bano & Hollibaugh 2002), Chukchi Se ...
... Arctic (Huston & Deming 2002) or the diversity of microbial communities associated with POM sinking through the ‘twilight’ zone of any ocean. Pelagic microbial diversity in the Arctic has been studied based on whole water samples collected from the central Arctic (Bano & Hollibaugh 2002), Chukchi Se ...
Dynamic Topography and Long-Term Sea-Level Variations
... synchronous, that is, eustatic, in nature, they are generally interpreted to reflect variations ...
... synchronous, that is, eustatic, in nature, they are generally interpreted to reflect variations ...
as a PDF
... with the known movements of the major plates, India, Australia, Pacific and Eurasia, provides some limits within which reconstructions of SE Asia, and parts of the west Pacific, can be attempted. Within this region there are recent interpretations of the South China Sea opening (Briais et al., 1993) ...
... with the known movements of the major plates, India, Australia, Pacific and Eurasia, provides some limits within which reconstructions of SE Asia, and parts of the west Pacific, can be attempted. Within this region there are recent interpretations of the South China Sea opening (Briais et al., 1993) ...
Survival and settling of larval Macoma balthica in
... collected regularly (daily to every other day; see Paul et al., 2015) from all mesocosms and the surrounding water body to measure, e.g. total pH (pHT), total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for determining the inorganic carbon components, and chlorophyll a to follow the develop ...
... collected regularly (daily to every other day; see Paul et al., 2015) from all mesocosms and the surrounding water body to measure, e.g. total pH (pHT), total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for determining the inorganic carbon components, and chlorophyll a to follow the develop ...
The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SE Asia and the
... with the known movements of the major plates, India, Australia, Pacific and Eurasia, provides some limits within which reconstructions of SE Asia, and parts of the west Pacific, can be attempted. Within this region there are recent interpretations of the South China Sea opening (Briais et al., 1993) ...
... with the known movements of the major plates, India, Australia, Pacific and Eurasia, provides some limits within which reconstructions of SE Asia, and parts of the west Pacific, can be attempted. Within this region there are recent interpretations of the South China Sea opening (Briais et al., 1993) ...
national institute of oceanography goa-india
... (MONEX-I) indicated a considerable mixing of various water masses in. the An instrument which dissipates the wave energy and at the same time works Arabian Sea. The Red Sea water could like an oscillator is being fabricated as be traced only at a few stations at a part of the project on shore protec ...
... (MONEX-I) indicated a considerable mixing of various water masses in. the An instrument which dissipates the wave energy and at the same time works Arabian Sea. The Red Sea water could like an oscillator is being fabricated as be traced only at a few stations at a part of the project on shore protec ...
Change in the Beaufort Sea ecosystem: Diverging trends in body
... George et al. (this issue) examined the effects of summer sea ice conditions and upwelling-favorable wind in the Beaufort Sea on the body condition of Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort (BCB) Sea bowhead whales. Using a subset of a long-term (40-year) dataset collected from whales harvested by the Inupiat, the ...
... George et al. (this issue) examined the effects of summer sea ice conditions and upwelling-favorable wind in the Beaufort Sea on the body condition of Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort (BCB) Sea bowhead whales. Using a subset of a long-term (40-year) dataset collected from whales harvested by the Inupiat, the ...
Control of salinity on the mixed layer depth in the world ocean
... data are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2a can be compared with Figure 1b of de Boyer Montégut et al. [2004] which represents the temperature-salinity profiles distribution without Argo database. A striking improvement is the reduction of the sparsity of salinity data in every oceans and especially in t ...
... data are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2a can be compared with Figure 1b of de Boyer Montégut et al. [2004] which represents the temperature-salinity profiles distribution without Argo database. A striking improvement is the reduction of the sparsity of salinity data in every oceans and especially in t ...
Eurasia spreading basin to Laptev Shelf transition: structural pattern
... These two stations on the continental slope are of particular importance, because permanent pack ice prevents easy access to more northerly locations and a shallow shelf to the south prevents access to an undisturbed geothermal gradient of those heat-flow stations there. Station H9804 is located on ...
... These two stations on the continental slope are of particular importance, because permanent pack ice prevents easy access to more northerly locations and a shallow shelf to the south prevents access to an undisturbed geothermal gradient of those heat-flow stations there. Station H9804 is located on ...
Diversity and distribution of pigmented heterotrophic bacteria in
... based on the cultivation method and sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA genes was conducted in Chinese coastal and shelf waters and the Pacific Ocean. Both the abundance of PHB and the ratio of PHB to CFU decreased along trophic gradients from coastal to oceanic waters, with the highest values of 9.9 ...
... based on the cultivation method and sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA genes was conducted in Chinese coastal and shelf waters and the Pacific Ocean. Both the abundance of PHB and the ratio of PHB to CFU decreased along trophic gradients from coastal to oceanic waters, with the highest values of 9.9 ...
Methodology for oceanic CO2 measurements - UNESDOC
... fall. Pcoz, is also influenced, indirectly, by variations in wind strength and by the depth of the oceanic mixed layer, which perturb the Pcoz signal because they influence the rate of exchange of CO2 gas between the atmosphere and the oceans. Intermittent upwelling of deep water can also cause Pcoz ...
... fall. Pcoz, is also influenced, indirectly, by variations in wind strength and by the depth of the oceanic mixed layer, which perturb the Pcoz signal because they influence the rate of exchange of CO2 gas between the atmosphere and the oceans. Intermittent upwelling of deep water can also cause Pcoz ...
Managing the Ocean Commons Beyond National Jurisdiction
... The term “global commons” refers to resource domains or areas that are situated outside of the political reach of any country. Under international law, there are four global commons: the high seas, the atmosphere, the Antarctica and the outer space. These have been guided by the principle of the com ...
... The term “global commons” refers to resource domains or areas that are situated outside of the political reach of any country. Under international law, there are four global commons: the high seas, the atmosphere, the Antarctica and the outer space. These have been guided by the principle of the com ...
Sea
A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.