NJ Ocean Acidification Charge Question
... change in pH also reduces the amount of carbonate ion, also by about 30%. Carbonate ions are needed by many marine organisms to form calcium carbonate for shells and other structures. In addition to this global source, the decay of algal blooms resulting from increased nutrients then subsequent mort ...
... change in pH also reduces the amount of carbonate ion, also by about 30%. Carbonate ions are needed by many marine organisms to form calcium carbonate for shells and other structures. In addition to this global source, the decay of algal blooms resulting from increased nutrients then subsequent mort ...
Re-mapping the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami
... In the area of Sumatra and the 2004 earthquake, the motion of the Australian plate is oblique but predominantly thrust and is converging with the Eurasian plate at a rate of 14 mm/year (Lay et al., 2005). The Great Sumatran Fault, a strike-slip fault, which extends through Sumatra, which helps to ac ...
... In the area of Sumatra and the 2004 earthquake, the motion of the Australian plate is oblique but predominantly thrust and is converging with the Eurasian plate at a rate of 14 mm/year (Lay et al., 2005). The Great Sumatran Fault, a strike-slip fault, which extends through Sumatra, which helps to ac ...
Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea 6
... The Turkish coast of the East Black Sea is comparable in size to the Gulf of Mexico and displays a working oil generative source, yet only a handful of wells have been drilled off the shelf to date. Partly this is due the narrowness of the shelf and only recently being able to explore in required wa ...
... The Turkish coast of the East Black Sea is comparable in size to the Gulf of Mexico and displays a working oil generative source, yet only a handful of wells have been drilled off the shelf to date. Partly this is due the narrowness of the shelf and only recently being able to explore in required wa ...
Wave-turbulence scaling in the ocean mixed layer
... a purely shear driven wall layer. Jones and Kenney (1977) found that turbulence velocity fluctuations scaled with u∗ with a length scale comparable to the depth. Churchill and Csanady (1983), using quasi-Lagrangian drifters and drogues, reported logarithmic mean current profiles in the OBL, consiste ...
... a purely shear driven wall layer. Jones and Kenney (1977) found that turbulence velocity fluctuations scaled with u∗ with a length scale comparable to the depth. Churchill and Csanady (1983), using quasi-Lagrangian drifters and drogues, reported logarithmic mean current profiles in the OBL, consiste ...
Variability of currents in front of the Venice Lagoon, Northern Adriatic
... bottom-mounted ADCP in the shallow-water area in front of the Venice Lagoon. The time averaged flow was directed 277◦ E (CCW), roughly aligned with the coastline, with typical magnitudes in the range 4–6 cm/s and a limited, not significant clockwise veering with depth. Tidal forcing was weak and mai ...
... bottom-mounted ADCP in the shallow-water area in front of the Venice Lagoon. The time averaged flow was directed 277◦ E (CCW), roughly aligned with the coastline, with typical magnitudes in the range 4–6 cm/s and a limited, not significant clockwise veering with depth. Tidal forcing was weak and mai ...
Bathymetry from Space
... The need for ocean bathymetry is already acute and will become more so as ocean and climate modeling capabilities advance, and as marine resources become harder to find and manage. The resolution of the altimetry technique is limited by physical law, not instrument capability. Everything that can be ...
... The need for ocean bathymetry is already acute and will become more so as ocean and climate modeling capabilities advance, and as marine resources become harder to find and manage. The resolution of the altimetry technique is limited by physical law, not instrument capability. Everything that can be ...
Oceanography - Flushing Community Schools
... valuable materials from the depths because it would be too expensive to recover them. However, in the future, these deposits could become important. Other mineral deposits can precipitate from seawater. In this process, minerals that are dissolved in ocean water come out of solution and form solids ...
... valuable materials from the depths because it would be too expensive to recover them. However, in the future, these deposits could become important. Other mineral deposits can precipitate from seawater. In this process, minerals that are dissolved in ocean water come out of solution and form solids ...
Ocean Exploration - Division on Earth and Life Studies
... These discoveries led to the hypothesis that a massive, deep biosphere may exist beneath the ocean floor and overlying marine sediments that rivals the combined biomass in the entire ocean above the seafloor—or even on the planet. These microbes might have evolved when the Earth was much hotter, pot ...
... These discoveries led to the hypothesis that a massive, deep biosphere may exist beneath the ocean floor and overlying marine sediments that rivals the combined biomass in the entire ocean above the seafloor—or even on the planet. These microbes might have evolved when the Earth was much hotter, pot ...
the Education Guide
... hide, reproduce, and control their depth in a fluid world without any walls. In the vast open water, there is nothing to rest upon, hide behind, or use as a landmark. At any time, a predator can attack from any direction – not only from each side, but from above and ...
... hide, reproduce, and control their depth in a fluid world without any walls. In the vast open water, there is nothing to rest upon, hide behind, or use as a landmark. At any time, a predator can attack from any direction – not only from each side, but from above and ...
Chapter 13 Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
... largest single geographic feature on the planet, accounts for over half of the ocean surface area on Earth. In fact, the Pacific Ocean is so large that all of the continents could fit into the space occupied by it—with room left over! It is also the world’s deepest ocean, with an average depth of 3, ...
... largest single geographic feature on the planet, accounts for over half of the ocean surface area on Earth. In fact, the Pacific Ocean is so large that all of the continents could fit into the space occupied by it—with room left over! It is also the world’s deepest ocean, with an average depth of 3, ...
the west greenland shelf
... for identifying and mapping places of conservation importance throughout the Arctic. Recognizing that conservation efforts targeting the vulnerability of arctic habitats and species are not keeping pace with accelerating climate change, RACER instead locates sources of ecological strength. RACER fin ...
... for identifying and mapping places of conservation importance throughout the Arctic. Recognizing that conservation efforts targeting the vulnerability of arctic habitats and species are not keeping pace with accelerating climate change, RACER instead locates sources of ecological strength. RACER fin ...
How will Climate Change affect Sea Level?
... How will Climate Change affect Sea Level? The Puget Sound region is projected to experience continued sea level rise throughout the 21st century, increasing the potential for more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion. These changes, which have significant implications for human, plant, an ...
... How will Climate Change affect Sea Level? The Puget Sound region is projected to experience continued sea level rise throughout the 21st century, increasing the potential for more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion. These changes, which have significant implications for human, plant, an ...
1 Module 8 Ocean Circulation and Surface Processes 8.1
... The ocean waters are inherently stratified with higher density waters arranged at the ocean bottom where temperatures are cold and salinity is low. The uniform distribution of potential temperatures in deep ocean signifies constant mixing forced by friction in the bottom Ekman layer. At the ocean su ...
... The ocean waters are inherently stratified with higher density waters arranged at the ocean bottom where temperatures are cold and salinity is low. The uniform distribution of potential temperatures in deep ocean signifies constant mixing forced by friction in the bottom Ekman layer. At the ocean su ...
Week 9a
... consumed in this way, the change in pH is much less than it would otherwise be. But this process also consumes some carbonate ion; therefore this pH buffering capacity would diminish as CO2 concentrations increase. Because CO2 is absorbed at the sea surface, it is the surface oceans that are most af ...
... consumed in this way, the change in pH is much less than it would otherwise be. But this process also consumes some carbonate ion; therefore this pH buffering capacity would diminish as CO2 concentrations increase. Because CO2 is absorbed at the sea surface, it is the surface oceans that are most af ...
Trace metal composition of suspended particulate matter in
... thickness is due to variability in physical processes, especially mixing associated with cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddies (Oğuz et al., 2001a,b; Oğuz, 2002). In the southwest corner of the Black Sea the suboxic zone can be absent due to intrusions from the Bosporus Plume (Konovalov et al., 2003). B ...
... thickness is due to variability in physical processes, especially mixing associated with cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddies (Oğuz et al., 2001a,b; Oğuz, 2002). In the southwest corner of the Black Sea the suboxic zone can be absent due to intrusions from the Bosporus Plume (Konovalov et al., 2003). B ...
OL OOP Section 10 - Central Caribbean Marine Institute
... Benjamin Franklin publishes the first ocean charts of the Gulf Stream to help the passage of ships across the Atlantic Ocean. ...
... Benjamin Franklin publishes the first ocean charts of the Gulf Stream to help the passage of ships across the Atlantic Ocean. ...
Chapter 1 - Springer
... A large wealth of data – including deep seismic soundings, seismic tomographies, paleomagnetic and gravity data, and palinspastic reconstructions – constrains the lithospheric structure of the various elements of the Mediterranean Alpine orogenic system and indicates that the late Mesozoic and Paleo ...
... A large wealth of data – including deep seismic soundings, seismic tomographies, paleomagnetic and gravity data, and palinspastic reconstructions – constrains the lithospheric structure of the various elements of the Mediterranean Alpine orogenic system and indicates that the late Mesozoic and Paleo ...
Comparison of remotely-sensed surveys vs. in situ plot
... Abstract With the increasing appreciation that sea grass habitats are in global decline, there is a great need to be able to efficiently and effectively assess and characterize the status and trends of sea grass in our coastal ecosystems. This paper examines the utility of remotely sensed vs. in sit ...
... Abstract With the increasing appreciation that sea grass habitats are in global decline, there is a great need to be able to efficiently and effectively assess and characterize the status and trends of sea grass in our coastal ecosystems. This paper examines the utility of remotely sensed vs. in sit ...
Spectral light absorption by yellow substance in the Kattegat
... years ago by Kalle (1949). During the last decade acronyms like CDOM for ‘coloured (or chromophoric) dissolved organic matter’ and CDOC for ‘coloured dissolved organic carbon’ have also come into use. So, as the name suggests, yellow substance is not a uniquely defined chemical mixture. Kalle, who wa ...
... years ago by Kalle (1949). During the last decade acronyms like CDOM for ‘coloured (or chromophoric) dissolved organic matter’ and CDOC for ‘coloured dissolved organic carbon’ have also come into use. So, as the name suggests, yellow substance is not a uniquely defined chemical mixture. Kalle, who wa ...
Conservation on the High Seas – drift algae habitat as an open
... have originated from the south-eastern United States, since, although encountered within national jurisdiction in many regions of the world, it seldom reaches the great biomass encountered here. The National Coalition for Marine Conservation (NCMC 2005), a US-based advocacy group, claims that many i ...
... have originated from the south-eastern United States, since, although encountered within national jurisdiction in many regions of the world, it seldom reaches the great biomass encountered here. The National Coalition for Marine Conservation (NCMC 2005), a US-based advocacy group, claims that many i ...
Ocean Challenge Vol. 6 No.1 1995
... Norwegian Sea and the Atlantic, including the Faroe-Shetland Channel, this time w i t h H.N. Dickson as the scientist. These cruises had the t w i n objectives of extending the observations made by M i l l and also being the British contribution to the international survey of the North Sea and North ...
... Norwegian Sea and the Atlantic, including the Faroe-Shetland Channel, this time w i t h H.N. Dickson as the scientist. These cruises had the t w i n objectives of extending the observations made by M i l l and also being the British contribution to the international survey of the North Sea and North ...
Follow the balloons Trolling for plastic debris Painstaking plastic picking
... The plastic debris reached its highest density between about 22°N and 38°N latitude; the highest value recorded during the 22-year period was 580,000 pieces per square kilometer at 24.6°N east of the Bahamas. Eight-three percent of all the collected plastic debris came from this area, known as the N ...
... The plastic debris reached its highest density between about 22°N and 38°N latitude; the highest value recorded during the 22-year period was 580,000 pieces per square kilometer at 24.6°N east of the Bahamas. Eight-three percent of all the collected plastic debris came from this area, known as the N ...
Our World, Our Water
... nearly minus 37° C/100° F in Antarctica to well over 37° C/100° F in many parts of the world. Aquatic temperatures are much more constant because water remains liquid only within a relatively narrow range, and can absorb more heat than any other naturally occurring substances. These factors make aqu ...
... nearly minus 37° C/100° F in Antarctica to well over 37° C/100° F in many parts of the world. Aquatic temperatures are much more constant because water remains liquid only within a relatively narrow range, and can absorb more heat than any other naturally occurring substances. These factors make aqu ...
Our World, Our Water - Pro Divers St Kitts
... nearly minus 37° C/100° F in Antarctica to well over 37° C/100° F in many parts of the world. Aquatic temperatures are much more constant because water remains liquid only within a relatively narrow range, and can absorb more heat than any other naturally occurring substances. These factors make aqu ...
... nearly minus 37° C/100° F in Antarctica to well over 37° C/100° F in many parts of the world. Aquatic temperatures are much more constant because water remains liquid only within a relatively narrow range, and can absorb more heat than any other naturally occurring substances. These factors make aqu ...
The microbial view of marine biogeochemical cycles
... Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), PO ...
... Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), PO ...
Sea
A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.