Fish, Mollusks and other Sea Animals` use of Sound, and the Impact of
... ambient noise due to ice action may be as high as 90dB throughout the year. The sounds of weather on the ocean are variable and transitory; rain and hail hitting the ocean surface, lightening, thunder and the ever-present winds occur throughout the seas, moving across the globe. Regional sound sourc ...
... ambient noise due to ice action may be as high as 90dB throughout the year. The sounds of weather on the ocean are variable and transitory; rain and hail hitting the ocean surface, lightening, thunder and the ever-present winds occur throughout the seas, moving across the globe. Regional sound sourc ...
The impacts of high seas bottom trawl fisheries
... unstudied – the “last great frontier on Earth” (Roberts 2005). While much of the abyssal region is sparsely populated, deep sea benthic habitat around features such as seamounts, hydrothermal vents, ridges and trenches is often both rich and abundant. However, these habitats (especially seamounts) a ...
... unstudied – the “last great frontier on Earth” (Roberts 2005). While much of the abyssal region is sparsely populated, deep sea benthic habitat around features such as seamounts, hydrothermal vents, ridges and trenches is often both rich and abundant. However, these habitats (especially seamounts) a ...
MOON Science and Strategy plan
... will create new ‘sea highways’ with higher risks of accidental discharges. Other contaminants could be already affecting the open ocean areas but there is not obvious monitoring of such pollution at the moment and probably it needs to be developed. The land derived contaminant arrive to the sea thro ...
... will create new ‘sea highways’ with higher risks of accidental discharges. Other contaminants could be already affecting the open ocean areas but there is not obvious monitoring of such pollution at the moment and probably it needs to be developed. The land derived contaminant arrive to the sea thro ...
Transport of North Sea cod larvae into the Skagerrak coastal populations
... stock (probably consisting of several populations; Hutchinson et al. 2001, 2003) that has been severely overexploited for many years and is on the decline (ICES 2003). Forced by the North Atlantic circulation flowing on both sides of the British Isles, water masses from the North Sea flow into Skage ...
... stock (probably consisting of several populations; Hutchinson et al. 2001, 2003) that has been severely overexploited for many years and is on the decline (ICES 2003). Forced by the North Atlantic circulation flowing on both sides of the British Isles, water masses from the North Sea flow into Skage ...
IMOS National Reference Station (NRS) Network
... Over the last 20 years5, as climate change and variability, and the role of the ocean within the global climate system have become better understood, the value of long‐term observations has become blindingly obvious. Unfortunately, many observing programs commenced across the world from the 1930 ...
... Over the last 20 years5, as climate change and variability, and the role of the ocean within the global climate system have become better understood, the value of long‐term observations has become blindingly obvious. Unfortunately, many observing programs commenced across the world from the 1930 ...
The impact of global freshwater forcing on the thermohaline circulation
... The major features of the control simulation CTRL are documented in Marti et al. (2005). The focus here is on the formation of deep water in the North Atlantic. Except in the region around 45N–50W, the climate is reproduced satisfactorily in most places of the North Atlantic. Compared to Levitus ( ...
... The major features of the control simulation CTRL are documented in Marti et al. (2005). The focus here is on the formation of deep water in the North Atlantic. Except in the region around 45N–50W, the climate is reproduced satisfactorily in most places of the North Atlantic. Compared to Levitus ( ...
Dynamic topography and long-term sea-level variations
... each ocean basin is defined by its own polygon. The surface area coverage of ocean basins as a function of time was obtained by backward-rotation of present-day continental blocks using the same Indo-Atlantic plate reconstruction model as used in the backward mantle convection simulations. 2. Dynamic ...
... each ocean basin is defined by its own polygon. The surface area coverage of ocean basins as a function of time was obtained by backward-rotation of present-day continental blocks using the same Indo-Atlantic plate reconstruction model as used in the backward mantle convection simulations. 2. Dynamic ...
3. deep-sea ecosystems: pristine biodiversity reservoir and
... where physical and biological processes remained unchanged over short and long time scales. There is now evidence that physical disturbances occur at abyssal plains, causing important biological responses. For example, there are daily and annual tidal variations in the flow of cold dense water close ...
... where physical and biological processes remained unchanged over short and long time scales. There is now evidence that physical disturbances occur at abyssal plains, causing important biological responses. For example, there are daily and annual tidal variations in the flow of cold dense water close ...
Base and Precious Metal Deposits in the Deep Sea: A Coming
... element in steel making that is also finding other industrial uses, constitutes 25-30% of the higher grade nodules and may someday itself become economic to recover as a byproduct of nodule mining as land mines wane. Where the industry stands now The commercial viability of mining these deposits has ...
... element in steel making that is also finding other industrial uses, constitutes 25-30% of the higher grade nodules and may someday itself become economic to recover as a byproduct of nodule mining as land mines wane. Where the industry stands now The commercial viability of mining these deposits has ...
O : N
... seabed also hold promise as a potential—though not yet economically and environmentally feasible—source of energy. In addition to energy, our offshore waters and the underlying seabed are also rich sources of non-petroleum minerals and sand. As easily accessible sand resources are depleted, offshore ...
... seabed also hold promise as a potential—though not yet economically and environmentally feasible—source of energy. In addition to energy, our offshore waters and the underlying seabed are also rich sources of non-petroleum minerals and sand. As easily accessible sand resources are depleted, offshore ...
CAGE
... ground depth. But the ocean is another matter. Bottom water temperature is usually above zero. Theoretically, therefore, we could never have permafrost under the sea,” says Portnov “However, 20 000 years ago we had a last glacial maximum during which the sea level dropped to minus 120 meters. That m ...
... ground depth. But the ocean is another matter. Bottom water temperature is usually above zero. Theoretically, therefore, we could never have permafrost under the sea,” says Portnov “However, 20 000 years ago we had a last glacial maximum during which the sea level dropped to minus 120 meters. That m ...
Temperature and substrates as interactive limiting factors for marine
... other potentially limiting factors. One is experimental manipulation of either axenic cultures of microorganisms or natural communities of microorganisms, and the other is a statistical examination of large sets of observations of events in natural waters. Using the statistical approach, Cole et al. ...
... other potentially limiting factors. One is experimental manipulation of either axenic cultures of microorganisms or natural communities of microorganisms, and the other is a statistical examination of large sets of observations of events in natural waters. Using the statistical approach, Cole et al. ...
Eriksen2014-Plastics-in-the-Ocean.pdf
... through the environment [1, 2], have led some researchers to claim that synthetic polymers in the ocean should be regarded as hazardous waste [3]. Through photodegradation and other weathering processes, plastics fragment and disperse in the ocean [4, 5], converging in the subtropical gyres [6–9]. G ...
... through the environment [1, 2], have led some researchers to claim that synthetic polymers in the ocean should be regarded as hazardous waste [3]. Through photodegradation and other weathering processes, plastics fragment and disperse in the ocean [4, 5], converging in the subtropical gyres [6–9]. G ...
Changes in Marine Prokaryote Composition with Season and Depth
... that the late summer Arctic Ocean may be ice-free before the end of the twenty-first century (Boe et al., 2009) or sooner still (Kerr, 2012). Some of these striking environmental changes occurring in the Arctic are related to the inflow of Atlantic water to the Arctic Ocean. The West Spitsbergen Cur ...
... that the late summer Arctic Ocean may be ice-free before the end of the twenty-first century (Boe et al., 2009) or sooner still (Kerr, 2012). Some of these striking environmental changes occurring in the Arctic are related to the inflow of Atlantic water to the Arctic Ocean. The West Spitsbergen Cur ...
The report Oceanographic and biological features in the Canary
... productive ecosystem with strong socio‐economic impact since it supports a vast and diverse marine population. The high productivity of the CCLME is mainly driven by the trade winds that flows alongshore, parallel to the NWA coastline, and therefore the actual global warming scenario ...
... productive ecosystem with strong socio‐economic impact since it supports a vast and diverse marine population. The high productivity of the CCLME is mainly driven by the trade winds that flows alongshore, parallel to the NWA coastline, and therefore the actual global warming scenario ...
October 10, 2002 Admiral James D. Watkins, USN (Retired) Chairman
... many of the plans and activities do not take into account issues related to “scale.” For example, how are the results of research and educational efforts undertaken at the national or regional level relevant to state and local needs and issues, the levels where most of the land use and resource mana ...
... many of the plans and activities do not take into account issues related to “scale.” For example, how are the results of research and educational efforts undertaken at the national or regional level relevant to state and local needs and issues, the levels where most of the land use and resource mana ...
Shelf Seas - International Arctic Science Committee
... increase flows of sediments, nutrients, and contaminants across the shelves to the Arctic Ocean. Additionally coastal erosion as well as the associated input of sediments, nutrients and contaminants is projected to increase due to increased thawing of coastal permafrost, higher sea levels, and the i ...
... increase flows of sediments, nutrients, and contaminants across the shelves to the Arctic Ocean. Additionally coastal erosion as well as the associated input of sediments, nutrients and contaminants is projected to increase due to increased thawing of coastal permafrost, higher sea levels, and the i ...
1 Central Arctic Ocean paleoceanography from ~50 ka to present, 1
... New ostracode faunal analyses are derived from two sediment cores collected on the Lomonosov Ridge during the 2014 SWERUS-C3 (Swedish – Russian – US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions) Leg 2 expedition, and results are compared to published faunal records from past ...
... New ostracode faunal analyses are derived from two sediment cores collected on the Lomonosov Ridge during the 2014 SWERUS-C3 (Swedish – Russian – US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions) Leg 2 expedition, and results are compared to published faunal records from past ...
Marine messages - European Environment Agency
... with 2020–2030 objectives for the environment and climate. Lastly, the EU is working towards a 2050 vision of societal transition, informed by the concepts of planetary boundaries, green economy, and resilience of society and ecosystems. The integrated policy approach The concrete policy measures th ...
... with 2020–2030 objectives for the environment and climate. Lastly, the EU is working towards a 2050 vision of societal transition, informed by the concepts of planetary boundaries, green economy, and resilience of society and ecosystems. The integrated policy approach The concrete policy measures th ...
Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem
... Ocean are also naturally low in CO22 3 concentration. Continuing research is evaluating how the Arctic Ocean’s changes in carbonate chemistry during the 21st century will differ from those in the Southern Ocean (Orr et al., 2006). The warm surface waters of the tropics and subtropics will not become ...
... Ocean are also naturally low in CO22 3 concentration. Continuing research is evaluating how the Arctic Ocean’s changes in carbonate chemistry during the 21st century will differ from those in the Southern Ocean (Orr et al., 2006). The warm surface waters of the tropics and subtropics will not become ...
Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes
... Ocean are also naturally low in CO22 3 concentration. Continuing research is evaluating how the Arctic Ocean’s changes in carbonate chemistry during the 21st century will differ from those in the Southern Ocean (Orr et al., 2006). The warm surface waters of the tropics and subtropics will not become ...
... Ocean are also naturally low in CO22 3 concentration. Continuing research is evaluating how the Arctic Ocean’s changes in carbonate chemistry during the 21st century will differ from those in the Southern Ocean (Orr et al., 2006). The warm surface waters of the tropics and subtropics will not become ...
Microbial eukaryotic distribution in a dynamic Beaufort Sea and the
... whim of advective forces (Durham et al., 2009) and may become confined to their water mass of origin (Hamilton et al., 2008) resulting in distinct spatially separated microbial communities (Varela et al., 2008; Galand et al., 2009b, c). Water masses and associated currents then are a tool for predic ...
... whim of advective forces (Durham et al., 2009) and may become confined to their water mass of origin (Hamilton et al., 2008) resulting in distinct spatially separated microbial communities (Varela et al., 2008; Galand et al., 2009b, c). Water masses and associated currents then are a tool for predic ...
WGICA - ICES
... the slope regions of the adjacent shelf LMEs and also shelf portions where relevant. The fluxes and properties of water through the Atlantic and Pacific gateways need also to be taken into account when addressing physical and biological variability of the basins of the Arctic Ocean. The thematic sco ...
... the slope regions of the adjacent shelf LMEs and also shelf portions where relevant. The fluxes and properties of water through the Atlantic and Pacific gateways need also to be taken into account when addressing physical and biological variability of the basins of the Arctic Ocean. The thematic sco ...
A mission concept for simultaneous measurements of marine winds
... transport of water. These processes are important in determining how fast climate is changing. In the last years, new technologies have been developed in order to enhance future altimetric missions (namely SWOT [Durand et al., 2010] and WaveMill [Gommenginger et al., 2014] concepts), and on virtual ...
... transport of water. These processes are important in determining how fast climate is changing. In the last years, new technologies have been developed in order to enhance future altimetric missions (namely SWOT [Durand et al., 2010] and WaveMill [Gommenginger et al., 2014] concepts), and on virtual ...
Guide to satellite remote sensing of the marine environment
... Although ocean satellites to date have mostly been regarded as experimental, they have nevertheless contributed to an increasing awareness that the oceans, atmosphere and ice-covered regions are coupled in a way that determines short-term weather patterns as well as the longerterm climate changes. ...
... Although ocean satellites to date have mostly been regarded as experimental, they have nevertheless contributed to an increasing awareness that the oceans, atmosphere and ice-covered regions are coupled in a way that determines short-term weather patterns as well as the longerterm climate changes. ...
Sea
A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.