1 - University of Western Cape
... The coastal area covers less than 15% of the Earth's land surface, with the inhabited coastal areas covering less than 10% of the Earth’s land surface, yet more than 60% of the world's population are found here (Chua 1993, Olsen et al. 1997, Cicin-Sain & Knecht 1998). The high coastal population den ...
... The coastal area covers less than 15% of the Earth's land surface, with the inhabited coastal areas covering less than 10% of the Earth’s land surface, yet more than 60% of the world's population are found here (Chua 1993, Olsen et al. 1997, Cicin-Sain & Knecht 1998). The high coastal population den ...
Influence of bacterial uptake on deep
... the decay of the semilabile DOC of about 0.5 yr. Due to the short timescale for the decomposition of semilabile DOC into DIC they find that the deep-sea semilabile DOC concentration is only about 1 mM in the deep ocean with a maximum of about 3 mM in the deep northern Pacific. A similar timescale of ...
... the decay of the semilabile DOC of about 0.5 yr. Due to the short timescale for the decomposition of semilabile DOC into DIC they find that the deep-sea semilabile DOC concentration is only about 1 mM in the deep ocean with a maximum of about 3 mM in the deep northern Pacific. A similar timescale of ...
Iodine Isotopes and their Species in Surface Water from the
... to its biophilic nature, iodine is easily taken up by organisms and therefore tends to be enriched in organic matters (Vinogradov, 1953). Iodine is found in high concentrations in marine seaweed and in some brown algae, the concentration by dry weight measurement can reach > 10-3 g·g-1 (Hou and Yan, ...
... to its biophilic nature, iodine is easily taken up by organisms and therefore tends to be enriched in organic matters (Vinogradov, 1953). Iodine is found in high concentrations in marine seaweed and in some brown algae, the concentration by dry weight measurement can reach > 10-3 g·g-1 (Hou and Yan, ...
Paper title
... complementary to those identified by CCAMLR to guide MPA network design. Annex V to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Article 3) identifies the following guidelines to identify candidate areas for protection: a) areas kept inviolate from human interference so that fut ...
... complementary to those identified by CCAMLR to guide MPA network design. Annex V to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Article 3) identifies the following guidelines to identify candidate areas for protection: a) areas kept inviolate from human interference so that fut ...
An Evaluation of Tides in the Caribbean Cassandra NANLAL
... a gulf, basin or sea surrounded by two or more states and connected to another sea or the ocean by a narrow outlet or consisting entirely or primarily of the territorial seas and exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal states. The Caribbean is comprised entirely of Exclusive Economic Zones o ...
... a gulf, basin or sea surrounded by two or more states and connected to another sea or the ocean by a narrow outlet or consisting entirely or primarily of the territorial seas and exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal states. The Caribbean is comprised entirely of Exclusive Economic Zones o ...
Ocean Acidification and the End-Permian Mass Extinction: To What
... Pressure solution forming stylolites at bed contacts is a significant problem for analysis of facies change in this locality [12]. In the Dolomites of Italy, at another western Tethyan site, grain dissolution is reported associated with an unconformity labeled U2 in the Permian-Triassic transition i ...
... Pressure solution forming stylolites at bed contacts is a significant problem for analysis of facies change in this locality [12]. In the Dolomites of Italy, at another western Tethyan site, grain dissolution is reported associated with an unconformity labeled U2 in the Permian-Triassic transition i ...
Strong Tidal Currents Observed near the Bottom in the
... Ohta (1983) suggested rather strong bottom current and frequent occurrence of turbidity current. Vertical slice of the bottom sediment cores and submersible observations substantiated the occurrence of episodic turbidity current probably induced by earthquake and/or by flooding of large rivers aroun ...
... Ohta (1983) suggested rather strong bottom current and frequent occurrence of turbidity current. Vertical slice of the bottom sediment cores and submersible observations substantiated the occurrence of episodic turbidity current probably induced by earthquake and/or by flooding of large rivers aroun ...
Marine Debris
... the largest tall ships plying the sea, the debris is very dangerous. With its 300-foot length, it is a small ship by today’s standards. “It is especially vulnerable as its hull is thin,” the captain explained. When asked whether he will help, he replied, “Sure! I will have our eager young cadets be ...
... the largest tall ships plying the sea, the debris is very dangerous. With its 300-foot length, it is a small ship by today’s standards. “It is especially vulnerable as its hull is thin,” the captain explained. When asked whether he will help, he replied, “Sure! I will have our eager young cadets be ...
The record 2013 Southern Hemisphere sea
... remaining ice cover in this region. In contrast, to the east of the Ross Sea, ice retreated fully in the Bellingshausen Sea, and sea-ice extent was lower than its climatological norm in the Amundsen Sea (Fig. 1f), the latter being consistent with higher than normal SSTs just to the north of the ice ...
... remaining ice cover in this region. In contrast, to the east of the Ross Sea, ice retreated fully in the Bellingshausen Sea, and sea-ice extent was lower than its climatological norm in the Amundsen Sea (Fig. 1f), the latter being consistent with higher than normal SSTs just to the north of the ice ...
Technologies for Exploring the Exclusive Economic Zone
... largest piece of “real estate” to come under the jurisdiction of the United States since acquisitions of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the purchase of Alaska in 1867. The EEZ remains largely unexplored, both in the Lewis and Clark sense of gaining general knowledge of a vast new territory and i ...
... largest piece of “real estate” to come under the jurisdiction of the United States since acquisitions of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the purchase of Alaska in 1867. The EEZ remains largely unexplored, both in the Lewis and Clark sense of gaining general knowledge of a vast new territory and i ...
GEOTRACES National Reports - Scientific Committee on Oceanic
... fractional iron solubility is due to a combination of different soluble iron sources including mineral dust and biomass burning emissions. The research investigated differences in atmospheric iron solubility over tropical northern Australia, the Southern Ocean and in Antarctic snowfall. These locati ...
... fractional iron solubility is due to a combination of different soluble iron sources including mineral dust and biomass burning emissions. The research investigated differences in atmospheric iron solubility over tropical northern Australia, the Southern Ocean and in Antarctic snowfall. These locati ...
Enrichment of silicate and CO2 and circulation of the bottom water in
... from the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water, which is characterized by a salinity maximum. Upon entrance into the Weddell Sea this salinity maximum is maintained, where it is found underneath the temperature maximum, the latter forming the upper boundary of the WDW. During the course of the deep water thr ...
... from the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water, which is characterized by a salinity maximum. Upon entrance into the Weddell Sea this salinity maximum is maintained, where it is found underneath the temperature maximum, the latter forming the upper boundary of the WDW. During the course of the deep water thr ...
Estimation of glacial meltwater discharge into Svalbard coastal waters*
... that practically 75% of Arctic Basin waters are derived from Transformed Atlantic Water (Swift, 1986; Pfirman et al., 1994), we can assume the salinity difference between 35.5 (characteristic Atlantic Water) and 34.5 (Local Svalbard Waters) to be due to freshwater imported from the Arctic Basin. Furth ...
... that practically 75% of Arctic Basin waters are derived from Transformed Atlantic Water (Swift, 1986; Pfirman et al., 1994), we can assume the salinity difference between 35.5 (characteristic Atlantic Water) and 34.5 (Local Svalbard Waters) to be due to freshwater imported from the Arctic Basin. Furth ...
pdf version - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
... at both extremes, the Arctic and the tropics. While these regions seem opposite in every way, both lie on the front lines of global climate change and its multiple effects on the world ocean. Perhaps nowhere on earth is climate change having as dramatic and rapid an effect as in the Arctic, where ic ...
... at both extremes, the Arctic and the tropics. While these regions seem opposite in every way, both lie on the front lines of global climate change and its multiple effects on the world ocean. Perhaps nowhere on earth is climate change having as dramatic and rapid an effect as in the Arctic, where ic ...
Effects of Oceanic Salinity on Body Condition in Sea Snakes
... Importantly, the degree of reliance upon marine versus terrestrial habitats varies extensively among species within these lineages. Hydrophiines are totally aquatic, whereas laticaudines are amphibious (Heatwole 1999). Within the laticaudines (sea kraits), some taxa use terrestrial habitats more fre ...
... Importantly, the degree of reliance upon marine versus terrestrial habitats varies extensively among species within these lineages. Hydrophiines are totally aquatic, whereas laticaudines are amphibious (Heatwole 1999). Within the laticaudines (sea kraits), some taxa use terrestrial habitats more fre ...
JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX (JGOFS) and LAND
... The CMTT was established as a joint working group of the Scientific Steering committees of JGOFS and LOICZ which each nominated a co-chair and three members of the Task Team. To date, the work of the Task Team has been executed primarily by correspondence. Two ad hoc meetings of the co-chairs have o ...
... The CMTT was established as a joint working group of the Scientific Steering committees of JGOFS and LOICZ which each nominated a co-chair and three members of the Task Team. To date, the work of the Task Team has been executed primarily by correspondence. Two ad hoc meetings of the co-chairs have o ...
Bioregionalisation of the Southern Ocean - WWF
... Bioregionalisation is a process that aims to partition a broad spatial area into distinct spatial regions, using a range of environmental and biological information. The process results in a set of bioregions, each with relatively homogeneous and predictable ecosystem properties. The properties of a ...
... Bioregionalisation is a process that aims to partition a broad spatial area into distinct spatial regions, using a range of environmental and biological information. The process results in a set of bioregions, each with relatively homogeneous and predictable ecosystem properties. The properties of a ...
Sargasso Sea Alliance
... on all sides by the clockwise flow of major ocean currents. The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift form the western and northern boundaries, the Canary Current forms a more diffuse eastern boundary, and the North Equatorial Current and Antilles Current form the southern boundary (Figure 1). As th ...
... on all sides by the clockwise flow of major ocean currents. The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift form the western and northern boundaries, the Canary Current forms a more diffuse eastern boundary, and the North Equatorial Current and Antilles Current form the southern boundary (Figure 1). As th ...
Convention on Biological Diversity
... on all sides by the clockwise flow of major ocean currents. The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift form the western and northern boundaries, the Canary Current forms a more diffuse eastern boundary, and the North Equatorial Current and Antilles Current form the southern boundary (Figure 1). As th ...
... on all sides by the clockwise flow of major ocean currents. The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift form the western and northern boundaries, the Canary Current forms a more diffuse eastern boundary, and the North Equatorial Current and Antilles Current form the southern boundary (Figure 1). As th ...
05_chapter 1
... other tunicates, salps are fine mucous filter to remove a wide range of particles, including bacteria and phytoplankton, from the water column. About 20% of the known species are benthic, that is belonging to the lowest zone of the ocean, or benthic zone, and can attach to algae and rocks. They are ...
... other tunicates, salps are fine mucous filter to remove a wide range of particles, including bacteria and phytoplankton, from the water column. About 20% of the known species are benthic, that is belonging to the lowest zone of the ocean, or benthic zone, and can attach to algae and rocks. They are ...
An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid
... hydrothermal ®elds. We found that vent ¯uids are relatively cool (40±75 8C) and alkaline (pH 9.0±9.8), supporting dense microbial communities that include anaerobic thermophiles. Because the geological characteristics of the Atlantis massif are similar to numerous areas of old crust along the Mid-At ...
... hydrothermal ®elds. We found that vent ¯uids are relatively cool (40±75 8C) and alkaline (pH 9.0±9.8), supporting dense microbial communities that include anaerobic thermophiles. Because the geological characteristics of the Atlantis massif are similar to numerous areas of old crust along the Mid-At ...
Attachment 1
... hypothesis? What do you notice about this picture? It turns out that the wind driven surface currents in the Atlantic form a ring around the basin, and all of those currents converge in the center of the basin. This area of convergence is called the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. (Show Figure 3. I ...
... hypothesis? What do you notice about this picture? It turns out that the wind driven surface currents in the Atlantic form a ring around the basin, and all of those currents converge in the center of the basin. This area of convergence is called the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. (Show Figure 3. I ...
Re-mapping the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami
... In the area of Sumatra and the 2004 earthquake, the motion of the Australian plate is oblique but predominantly thrust and is converging with the Eurasian plate at a rate of 14 mm/year (Lay et al., 2005). The Great Sumatran Fault, a strike-slip fault, which extends through Sumatra, which helps to ac ...
... In the area of Sumatra and the 2004 earthquake, the motion of the Australian plate is oblique but predominantly thrust and is converging with the Eurasian plate at a rate of 14 mm/year (Lay et al., 2005). The Great Sumatran Fault, a strike-slip fault, which extends through Sumatra, which helps to ac ...
NJ Ocean Acidification Charge Question
... change in pH also reduces the amount of carbonate ion, also by about 30%. Carbonate ions are needed by many marine organisms to form calcium carbonate for shells and other structures. In addition to this global source, the decay of algal blooms resulting from increased nutrients then subsequent mort ...
... change in pH also reduces the amount of carbonate ion, also by about 30%. Carbonate ions are needed by many marine organisms to form calcium carbonate for shells and other structures. In addition to this global source, the decay of algal blooms resulting from increased nutrients then subsequent mort ...
Tsunami threat to coastal areas of Sabah, East Malaysia
... and generating tsunami. Not all earthquakes, however, generate tsunami for it is usually those with a Richter magnitude exceeding 7.5 that have produced destructive tsunami (ITIC, 2007). Displacements of the ocean floor by volcanic eruptions and landslides can also generate tsunami that can be very ...
... and generating tsunami. Not all earthquakes, however, generate tsunami for it is usually those with a Richter magnitude exceeding 7.5 that have produced destructive tsunami (ITIC, 2007). Displacements of the ocean floor by volcanic eruptions and landslides can also generate tsunami that can be very ...
Sea
A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.