Ocean and Coastal Acidification off New England and Nova Scotia
... the calcium ions, which directly deter mine Ωarag. In addition, Figure 2 reveals several locations within the region that are actually corrosive (Ωarag<1). These areas generally occur where coastal acid ification processes dominate, such as the Penobscot and Kennebec River mouths, and within bays ...
... the calcium ions, which directly deter mine Ωarag. In addition, Figure 2 reveals several locations within the region that are actually corrosive (Ωarag<1). These areas generally occur where coastal acid ification processes dominate, such as the Penobscot and Kennebec River mouths, and within bays ...
State of the Marine Environment Report for the
... – 1,117 km3, and in 2011 – 1,205 km3 that is rather stable. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River provides 80% of the region’s river flow. If the Changjiang and Songhua Rivers (a tributary of the Amur River) are excluded, annual river flow could be about 177 km3. All rivers have peak runoff during summer s ...
... – 1,117 km3, and in 2011 – 1,205 km3 that is rather stable. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River provides 80% of the region’s river flow. If the Changjiang and Songhua Rivers (a tributary of the Amur River) are excluded, annual river flow could be about 177 km3. All rivers have peak runoff during summer s ...
Radiocarbon dating of late Quaternary sediments: reservoir
... distribution of 14C the technique can be used throughout the world and has been used to date samples. 14C is continuously producing in the upper atmosphere by the reaction of atmospheric nitrogen with neutrons that are produced from cosmic ray spallation reaction on other atmospheric components (14N ...
... distribution of 14C the technique can be used throughout the world and has been used to date samples. 14C is continuously producing in the upper atmosphere by the reaction of atmospheric nitrogen with neutrons that are produced from cosmic ray spallation reaction on other atmospheric components (14N ...
Deep-Sea Ecosystems: Pristine Biodiversity Reservoir and
... where physical and biological processes remained unchanged over short and long time scales. There is now evidence that physical disturbances occur at abyssal plains, causing important biological responses. For example, there are daily and annual tidal variations in the flow of cold dense water close ...
... where physical and biological processes remained unchanged over short and long time scales. There is now evidence that physical disturbances occur at abyssal plains, causing important biological responses. For example, there are daily and annual tidal variations in the flow of cold dense water close ...
Processes determining the marine alkalinity and calcium carbonate
... Abstract. We introduce a composite tracer for the marine system, Alk∗ , that has a global distribution primarily determined by CaCO3 precipitation and dissolution. Alk∗ is also affected by riverine alkalinity from dissolved terrestrial carbonate minerals. We estimate that the Arctic receives approxi ...
... Abstract. We introduce a composite tracer for the marine system, Alk∗ , that has a global distribution primarily determined by CaCO3 precipitation and dissolution. Alk∗ is also affected by riverine alkalinity from dissolved terrestrial carbonate minerals. We estimate that the Arctic receives approxi ...
The Bouguer gravity map of the Mediterranean Sea
... The values of gravity observed at the Earth's surface are strongly correlated with terrain morphology and hence with residual effects of tectonics, which are better preserved at sea than on land. In oceanic regions, gravity is also strongly correlated with crustal thickness and composition: it is ge ...
... The values of gravity observed at the Earth's surface are strongly correlated with terrain morphology and hence with residual effects of tectonics, which are better preserved at sea than on land. In oceanic regions, gravity is also strongly correlated with crustal thickness and composition: it is ge ...
Observations of floating anthropogenic litter in the Barents Sea and
... dominates floating litter and tends to drift along the main currents (Prokhorova 2014), with most counts located between 69° and 74°N and 25° and 45°E—an area influenced by the North Cape and Murman Currents. However, the area surveyed is located further to the east than ours, north of Murmansk, and ...
... dominates floating litter and tends to drift along the main currents (Prokhorova 2014), with most counts located between 69° and 74°N and 25° and 45°E—an area influenced by the North Cape and Murman Currents. However, the area surveyed is located further to the east than ours, north of Murmansk, and ...
Forum Future Ocean Floor Mapping - Ismar-Cnr
... ambition has evolved from developing a general bathymetric chart of the deep ocean to producing: …a high-resolution digital map, from the coast to the deepest trench of the ocean that enables scientists to explore and understand how the ocean works, informs maritime policy and supports the manageme ...
... ambition has evolved from developing a general bathymetric chart of the deep ocean to producing: …a high-resolution digital map, from the coast to the deepest trench of the ocean that enables scientists to explore and understand how the ocean works, informs maritime policy and supports the manageme ...
Western Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (WAIMOS
... 2010 and 2013 showing timing of loss and recovery around the 2011 marine heatwave in WA ......50 Figure 24: Long term (January 1998 to December 2012) averaged surface chlorophyll a concentrations .........51 Figure 25: Time series of monthly average chlorophyll a concentrations (SeaWIFS satellite da ...
... 2010 and 2013 showing timing of loss and recovery around the 2011 marine heatwave in WA ......50 Figure 24: Long term (January 1998 to December 2012) averaged surface chlorophyll a concentrations .........51 Figure 25: Time series of monthly average chlorophyll a concentrations (SeaWIFS satellite da ...
Arthur C. Clarke and the Limitations of the Ocean as a Frontier
... first human to orbit the earth did not do so until two years later. Yet for three decades after the Trieste’s epoch achievement, no further efforts were launched to revisit the deepest seafloor. Meanwhile, the Gemini and Apollo programs built on the foundation of Mercury’s accomplishment of orbital ...
... first human to orbit the earth did not do so until two years later. Yet for three decades after the Trieste’s epoch achievement, no further efforts were launched to revisit the deepest seafloor. Meanwhile, the Gemini and Apollo programs built on the foundation of Mercury’s accomplishment of orbital ...
Isotopic Tracers of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle: Present and Past
... Trichodesmium lacks heterocysts and in fact couples photosynthetic energy production to N2 fixation. How O2 inhibition is overcome is not well understood. The high requirement for Fe has further suggested an interaction between Fe and N biogeochemistry [6]. Since Fe is chiefly supplied by eolian dust ...
... Trichodesmium lacks heterocysts and in fact couples photosynthetic energy production to N2 fixation. How O2 inhibition is overcome is not well understood. The high requirement for Fe has further suggested an interaction between Fe and N biogeochemistry [6]. Since Fe is chiefly supplied by eolian dust ...
Distribution of barium in the Weddell Gyre: Impact of circulation and
... the northern limb of the gyre with generally eastward flow, a θ maximum was observed as well, but it reaches only about 0.5 °C (Fig. 2). This is CDW that has been modified by mixing with waters above and below during its course through the Weddell Gyre. The θ maximum layer is separated from the base o ...
... the northern limb of the gyre with generally eastward flow, a θ maximum was observed as well, but it reaches only about 0.5 °C (Fig. 2). This is CDW that has been modified by mixing with waters above and below during its course through the Weddell Gyre. The θ maximum layer is separated from the base o ...
- GODAC Data Site -NUUNKUI
... camera that can expose 400 frames. One video camera is fixed and the other is movable* The submersible is equipped with seven 250W ...
... camera that can expose 400 frames. One video camera is fixed and the other is movable* The submersible is equipped with seven 250W ...
Insights into the lithospheric structure and tectonic setting of the
... basement. Even if the study by Gramberg et al. (2001) seems to rely on an extensive database, an unambiguous evaluation of the compilations is not possible, as a detailed description is only available in archive data at VNIIOkeangeologia, St Petersburg. Our depth to basement compilation is best cons ...
... basement. Even if the study by Gramberg et al. (2001) seems to rely on an extensive database, an unambiguous evaluation of the compilations is not possible, as a detailed description is only available in archive data at VNIIOkeangeologia, St Petersburg. Our depth to basement compilation is best cons ...
4. Movement Patterns - Sustainable Initiatives
... by a micro-processor which is programmed by a computer before they were attached. The program tells the microprocessor how to store information and when to transmit the information to the satellites. There are 4 polar orbiting satellites that are currently used for tracking animals. The satellites a ...
... by a micro-processor which is programmed by a computer before they were attached. The program tells the microprocessor how to store information and when to transmit the information to the satellites. There are 4 polar orbiting satellites that are currently used for tracking animals. The satellites a ...
1 Modeling bio-geomorphological influences for offshore
... MODELING THE ROLE OF BIO-GEOMORPHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ...
... MODELING THE ROLE OF BIO-GEOMORPHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ...
Quantity and bioavailability of sediment organic matter as signatures
... sediment of > 2.5 mg C g–1, being associated with a bioavailable fraction of <10%, can be considered as a threshold level at which benthic consumers may experience mostly refractory organic carbon. KEY WORDS: Marine sediments · Organic matter · Trophic status Resale or republication not permitted wi ...
... sediment of > 2.5 mg C g–1, being associated with a bioavailable fraction of <10%, can be considered as a threshold level at which benthic consumers may experience mostly refractory organic carbon. KEY WORDS: Marine sediments · Organic matter · Trophic status Resale or republication not permitted wi ...
Post-glacial flooding of the Beringia Land Bridge dated to 11,000 cal
... ages are calibrated using the approach as for Core 2-PC1 described above. One of two dates at 417 cm depth is, however, clearly too old when compared to the other radiocarbon samples (Table 1; Fig. 3B). This date is considered to have been derived from a reworked shell and therefore treated as an ou ...
... ages are calibrated using the approach as for Core 2-PC1 described above. One of two dates at 417 cm depth is, however, clearly too old when compared to the other radiocarbon samples (Table 1; Fig. 3B). This date is considered to have been derived from a reworked shell and therefore treated as an ou ...
Impact of the Arctic Ocean Atlantic water layer on Siberian shelf
... older fraction may occur. The blue and red dots mark moorings deployed along the land‐fast ice edge in April–May 2009. Blue dots identify automatic weather station (AWS) positions. The bathymetric contours (in meters) are shown by blue and yellow solid lines. ...
... older fraction may occur. The blue and red dots mark moorings deployed along the land‐fast ice edge in April–May 2009. Blue dots identify automatic weather station (AWS) positions. The bathymetric contours (in meters) are shown by blue and yellow solid lines. ...
Potential for deep sea invasion by Mediterranean shallow water
... ABSTRACT: Hypotheses about the origin of the deep sea fauna often assume that the deep sea was first colonized by cold water animals migrating through isothermal water columns in polar seas. Deep water in the Mediterranean Sea has much warmer temperatures than comparable depths in the larger ocean b ...
... ABSTRACT: Hypotheses about the origin of the deep sea fauna often assume that the deep sea was first colonized by cold water animals migrating through isothermal water columns in polar seas. Deep water in the Mediterranean Sea has much warmer temperatures than comparable depths in the larger ocean b ...
Document
... The study site located in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea was visited nine times in 2005–2006 to collect water samples from the epipelagic (5 m), mesopelagic (200 m, 600 m), and bathypelagic (1000 m, 2000 m) zones. The relative abundance of Bacteria, Crenarchaea, and Euryarchaea was determined by ...
... The study site located in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea was visited nine times in 2005–2006 to collect water samples from the epipelagic (5 m), mesopelagic (200 m, 600 m), and bathypelagic (1000 m, 2000 m) zones. The relative abundance of Bacteria, Crenarchaea, and Euryarchaea was determined by ...
Chapter 13 Exploring the Oceans
... could vary from above 100°C to below ⫺100°C in a single day! Such large temperature changes could cause a lot of severe weather. Life as we know it could not exist in these conditions. The ocean can also affect the climate of different areas. Remember that ocean water at the equator is warmer than o ...
... could vary from above 100°C to below ⫺100°C in a single day! Such large temperature changes could cause a lot of severe weather. Life as we know it could not exist in these conditions. The ocean can also affect the climate of different areas. Remember that ocean water at the equator is warmer than o ...
Marine Geology: Exploring the New Frontiers of the Ocean (The
... cosmic invaders produced mostly carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane, major constituents of the early atmosphere, which began to form about 4.4 billion years ago. Most of the water vapor and gases originated from within Earth itself by volcanic outgassing.The early volcanoes were extremely explosive ...
... cosmic invaders produced mostly carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane, major constituents of the early atmosphere, which began to form about 4.4 billion years ago. Most of the water vapor and gases originated from within Earth itself by volcanic outgassing.The early volcanoes were extremely explosive ...
Leeuwin Current - Perth Beachcombers Education Kit
... for the southwestern coast reveal the main ocean currents in the vicinity of Geographe Bay (courtesy of the Western Australian Satellite Technology and Applications Consortium, WASTAC). The southward-flowing Leeuwin Current (warmest water shown in red/orange, with red arrows) and the cool Capes Curr ...
... for the southwestern coast reveal the main ocean currents in the vicinity of Geographe Bay (courtesy of the Western Australian Satellite Technology and Applications Consortium, WASTAC). The southward-flowing Leeuwin Current (warmest water shown in red/orange, with red arrows) and the cool Capes Curr ...
Chapter 14 - apel slice
... Learning About the Ocean People have explored the ocean for thousands of years. Knowledge of the ocean has always been important to the people living along its coasts. People have studied the ocean since ancient times, because the ocean provides food and serves as a route for trade and travel. Moder ...
... Learning About the Ocean People have explored the ocean for thousands of years. Knowledge of the ocean has always been important to the people living along its coasts. People have studied the ocean since ancient times, because the ocean provides food and serves as a route for trade and travel. Moder ...
Sea
A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.