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Resource Data and GIS Tool For Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Authors: L. Serri (RSE), AM Sempreviva (Risoe-DTU), T. Pontes (LNEG), J. Murphy (HMRC), K. Lynch (HMRC), D. Airoldi (RSE), J. Hussey (ITPower), C. Rudolph (IWES), I. Karagali (Risoe-DTU) Document version: Final (C) Date: 15th February 2012 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Contributing Authors’ Associations Hydraulics and Maritime Research Centre (HMRC), University College Cork (UCC) Ricerca Sistema Energetico Risoe-DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia ITPower Fraunhofer-Institut für Windenergie und Energiesystemtechnik Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Proposed Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Regional Descriptions ................................................................................................................................ 2 3 2.1 Region 1: North Sea and Baltic Sea ................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Region 2: Atlantic Ocean ................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Region 3: Mediterranean and Black Sea Area ................................................................................... 7 Wind Resource........................................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 General Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 European Wind Resource Data ....................................................................................................... 10 3.3 Regional Wind Resource Data ......................................................................................................... 11 3.3.1 North Sea and Baltic Sea Region ............................................................................................. 11 3.3.2 Atlantic Ocean Region ............................................................................................................. 12 3.3.3 Mediterranean and Black Sea Region...................................................................................... 13 3.4 National Wind Resource Data ......................................................................................................... 15 3.5 Buoy Data ........................................................................................................................................ 17 3.5.1 North Sea and Baltic Sea Region ............................................................................................. 17 3.5.2 Atlantic Ocean Region ............................................................................................................. 18 3.5.3 Mediterranean and Black Sea Region...................................................................................... 19 3.6 4 Wave Resource ........................................................................................................................................ 25 4.1 5 Data Selected for ORECCA GIS ......................................................................................................... 21 General Information ........................................................................................................................ 25 4.1.1 Nomenclature .......................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.2 Wave Information Sources ...................................................................................................... 25 4.2 European Wave Resource Data ....................................................................................................... 28 4.3 Regional Wave Resource Data......................................................................................................... 29 4.4 National Wave Resource Data ......................................................................................................... 30 4.5 Buoy Data ........................................................................................................................................ 32 4.6 Data Selected for ORECCA GIS ......................................................................................................... 33 Tidal Current Resource ............................................................................................................................ 37 5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 37 5.2 European ......................................................................................................................................... 37 5.2.1 GIS Data Layer.......................................................................................................................... 37 -I- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 5.2.2 5.3 European Wide Studies ........................................................................................................... 39 Regional ........................................................................................................................................... 39 5.3.1 North Sea and Baltic Sea Region ............................................................................................. 39 5.3.2 Atlantic Ocean Region ............................................................................................................. 39 5.3.3 Mediterranean and Black Sea Region...................................................................................... 40 5.4 National ........................................................................................................................................... 41 6 Sources of Other Relevant Data .............................................................................................................. 45 7 GIS Development ..................................................................................................................................... 47 7.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 47 7.2 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 47 7.3 Data Sources .................................................................................................................................... 48 7.3.1 European ................................................................................................................................. 48 7.3.2 Regional ................................................................................................................................... 49 7.3.3 National ................................................................................................................................... 50 7.4 GIS Tool Assembly ........................................................................................................................... 50 7.5 GIS Classification Rationale and Initial Output ................................................................................ 51 7.5.1 Bathymetry and Sea Bottom Morphology............................................................................... 51 7.5.2 Distance from Shore ................................................................................................................ 55 7.5.3 Seismic Activity ........................................................................................................................ 58 7.5.4 Environmental Aspects ............................................................................................................ 58 7.5.5 Ports......................................................................................................................................... 61 7.5.6 Cities ........................................................................................................................................ 64 7.5.7 Electrical grid ........................................................................................................................... 67 7.5.8 Uses of the Sea ........................................................................................................................ 68 7.6 8 Input Data ........................................................................................................................................ 71 7.6.1 Calculation mask ...................................................................................................................... 71 7.6.2 Wind Resource Scenarios ........................................................................................................ 71 7.6.3 Wave Resource Scenarios........................................................................................................ 71 7.6.4 Combined Resource Scenarios ................................................................................................ 71 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 73 8.1 North and Baltic Seas....................................................................................................................... 75 8.2 Atlantic Ocean ................................................................................................................................. 83 - II - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 8.3 9 Mediterranean and Black Seas ........................................................................................................ 91 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 95 10 References ............................................................................................................................................... 97 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Europe with 3 ORECCA defined regions approximately outlined .......................................... 2 Figure 2: North and Baltic Seas Region: ORECCA defined area in GIS (Source: RSE) ........................................ 3 Figure 3: Atlantic Ocean Region: ORECCA defined area in GIS (Source: RSE) ................................................... 5 Figure 4: Mediterranean and Black Seas Region: ORECCA defined area in GIS (Source: RSE) .......................... 7 Figure 5: North Sea Wind Map ........................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 6: South Baltic Wind Speed Map at 80m a.s.l. ..................................................................................... 12 Figure 7: Buoy Data compared against Quikscat and HOAPS data for North Sea and North Atlantic36 ......... 13 Figure 8: Offshore wind measuring buoys....................................................................................................... 14 Figure 9: Two wind maps over the Mediterranean and Black Sea: from Nostrum project (60 m a.s.l., above) and from QuikSCAT data (10 m a.s.l., below)40 ............................................................................................... 15 Figure 10: Map of European Meteorological Measurement Buoys ................................................................ 19 Figure 11: Map of RADSEANET Measurement Buoys...................................................................................... 19 Figure 12: Long-time average values of wind speed (m/s) measured by stations based offshore, on islands and on coasts in the Mediterranean and Black Sea area. Source Windfinder105, processing by RSE ............. 20 Figure 13: North and Baltic Seas Region: Quikscat Average Annual Wind Speed Data at 10m a.s.l............... 22 Figure 14: Mediterranean and Black Seas Region: Quikscat Average Annual Wind Speed Data at 10m a.s.l. 23 Figure 15: Atlantic Ocean Region: Quikscat Average Annual Wind Speed Data at 10m a.s.l. ........................ 24 Figure 16: Annual wave power roses for the northernmost part of the Northeastern Atlantic covered by WERATLAS. The figure inside the rose represents the annual power level in kW/m. .................................... 29 Figure 17: DMI-WAM models; a) North Atlantic; b) North Sea and Baltic Sea; .............................................. 30 Figure 18: North and Baltic Seas: OCEANOR GIS Map - Calculated average wave power and input point database .......................................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 19: Mediterranean and Black Seas: OCEANOR GIS Map - Calculated average wave power and input point database ................................................................................................................................................. 35 Figure 20: Atlantic Ocean: OCEANOR GIS Map - Calculated average wave power and input point database 36 Figure 21: Tidal Points across Europe as produced by the GIS ....................................................................... 38 Figure 22: Distribution of Tidal Current Locations across Europe ................................................................... 40 Figure 23: Irish Tidal Current Resource ........................................................................................................... 43 Figure 24: GEBCO bathymetry map of European seas .................................................................................... 49 Figure 25: Classification of water depths (bathymetry) as a function of applicable types of foundation ...... 51 Figure 26: North and Baltic Sea Bathymetry map using depth classifications (source RSE) ........................... 52 Figure 27: Mediterranean and Black Seas Bathymetry map using depth classifications (source RSE) ........... 53 Figure 28: Atlantic Ocean Bathymetry map using depth classifications (source RSE) .................................... 54 - III - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 29: North and Baltic Seas: Distances from Shore Buffer Zones in GIS (Source: RSE) ........................... 55 Figure 30: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Distances from Shore Buffer Zones in GIS (Source: RSE) ............ 56 Figure 31: Atlantic Ocean: Distances from Shore Buffer Zones in GIS (Source: RSE) ...................................... 57 Figure 32: Map of seismic activity in Europe ................................................................................................... 58 Figure 33: North and Baltic Seas: MPA Map from GIS (Source: RSE) .............................................................. 59 Figure 34: Mediterranean and Black Seas: MPA Map from GIS (Source: RSE)................................................ 59 Figure 35 – Atlantic Ocean: MPA Map from GIS (Source: RSE) ....................................................................... 60 Figure 36: North and Baltic Seas: All Ports Map from GIS (Source: RSE) ........................................................ 61 Figure 37: Mediterranean and Black Seas Region: All Ports Map from GIS (Source: RSE) .............................. 62 Figure 38: Atlantic Ocean Region: All Ports Map from GIS (Source: RSE) ....................................................... 63 Figure 39: North and Black Seas: Cities GIS Map (Source: RSE) ...................................................................... 64 Figure 40: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Cities GIS Map (Source: RSE) ....................................................... 65 Figure 41: Atlantic Ocean: Cities GIS Map (Source: RSE) ................................................................................. 66 Figure 42: European High Voltage Transmission Grid ..................................................................................... 67 Figure 43: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Offshore Renewable Projects GIS Map (Source: RSE) ................. 68 Figure 44: North and Baltic Seas: Offshore Renewable Projects GIS Map (Source: RSE) ................................ 69 Figure 45: Atlantic Ocean: Offshore Renewable Projects GIS Map (Source: RSE) .......................................... 70 Figure 46: North and Baltic Seas: Combined Wind and Wave Resource Map ................................................ 75 Figure 47: North and Baltic Seas: Summary of available sea areas ................................................................. 76 Figure 48: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas .................................................... 77 Figure 49: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 2 summary of sea areas .................................................... 78 Figure 50: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 3 summary of sea areas .................................................... 79 Figure 51: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas .................................................... 80 Figure 52: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 5 summary of sea areas .................................................... 81 Figure 53: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 6 summary of sea areas .................................................... 82 Figure 54: Atlantic Ocean: Combined Wind and Wave Resource Map ........................................................... 83 Figure 55: Atlantic Ocean: Summary of available sea areas ........................................................................... 84 Figure 56: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas ............................................................... 85 Figure 57: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 2 summary of sea areas ............................................................... 86 Figure 58: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 3 summary of sea areas ............................................................... 87 Figure 59: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas ............................................................... 88 Figure 60: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 5 summary of sea areas ............................................................... 89 Figure 61: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 6 summary of sea areas ............................................................... 90 Figure 62: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Combined Wind and Wave Resource Map.................................. 91 Figure 63: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Summary of available sea areas .................................................. 92 Figure 64: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas...................................... 93 Figure 65: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas...................................... 94 List of Tables - IV - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Table 1: Sources of National Offshore Wind Resource Data ........................................................................... 17 Table 2: North Sea measurement buoys used to validate Quikscat data ....................................................... 18 Table 3:Location of offshore buoys used for validation of the QuikScat data in the Mediterranean Sea (Furevik et al 2011) .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Table 4: Wave data sources and types ............................................................................................................ 26 Table 5: Main global numerical wind-wave models ........................................................................................ 27 Table 6: Sources of National Wave Resource Data ......................................................................................... 32 Table 7: National Buoy Data Sources .............................................................................................................. 33 Table 8: Sources of National Tidal Current Resource data .............................................................................. 44 Table 9: National: Relevant Data Sources ....................................................................................................... 46 Table 10: Europe: Relevant Data Sources ....................................................................................................... 46 Table 11: European Wide Data Sources used in GIS Tool ............................................................................... 49 Table 12: Annual Average Wind Speed Levels used in GIS .............................................................................. 71 Table 13: Annual Average Wave Power Levels used in GIS ............................................................................. 71 Table 14: Combined Offshore Renewable Resource: GIS Scenarios ............................................................... 72 Table 15: Available sea area for a combined resource level in each geographical region.............................. 73 Table 16: Available sea area for each wave scenario and each wind scenario in each geographical region.. 73 Table 17: Percentage of tidal sites falling within certain distances from shore ............................................. 74 Table 18: North and Baltic Seas: Summary of sea areas ................................................................................. 76 Table 19: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas ..................................................... 77 Table 20: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 2 summary of sea areas ..................................................... 78 Table 21: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 3 summary of sea areas ..................................................... 79 Table 22: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas ..................................................... 80 Table 23: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 5 summary of sea areas ..................................................... 81 Table 24: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 6 summary of sea areas ..................................................... 82 Table 25: Atlantic Ocean: Summary of sea areas ............................................................................................ 84 Table 26: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas ................................................................ 85 Table 27: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 2 summary of sea areas ................................................................ 86 Table 28: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 3 summary of sea areas ................................................................ 87 Table 29: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas ................................................................ 88 Table 30: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 5 summary of sea areas ................................................................ 89 Table 31: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 6 summary of sea areas ................................................................ 90 Table 32: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Summary of sea areas................................................................... 92 Table 33: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas ....................................... 93 Table 34: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas ....................................... 94 -V- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 1 Introduction This document was prepared to describe work undertaken as part of the Resource work package of the EU FP7 project ORECCA (Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion – Coordinated Action)1. The aim of this document is to provide a catalogue of sources of offshore renewable data in Europe on European, regional and national levels and to outline the work carried out to collate the most suitable data available into a GIS tool. Some results and analysis from this tool are further described in the latter sections; giving available sea surface area for a given combined resource level at various water depths and distances from shore for the 3 ORECCA defined regions in Europe. Region 1: Region 2: Region 3: North and Baltic Seas Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean and Black Seas -1- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 2 Regional Descriptions For the purposes of the ORECCA project and for ease of analysis, Europe was assessed as 3 separate regions which share relevant characteristics such as geography and resource. These are approximately outlined in Figure 1 below and are: Region 1: Region 2: Region 3: North and Baltic Seas (Yellow in Figure 1) Atlantic Ocean (Red) Mediterranean and Black Seas (Green) The following sub-sections briefly describe these regions in terms of their offshore renewable resource and geography. Further regional descriptions are available on the European Atlas of the Seas. Figure 1: Map of Europe with 3 ORECCA defined regions approximately outlined -2- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 2.1 Region 1: North Sea and Baltic Sea The ORECCA Project defines the Baltic and North Sea region as an area bound by the coast of the Baltic Sea in the east, the Atlantic coast of Norway in the North and the eastern and southern coast of the UK in the West. The North Sea is located on the continental shelf of North-Western Europe and has the configuration of a semi-enclosed sea bounded by the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark and the Scandinavia peninsula. The area covers 745,950 km². Beside the Norwegian Trench in the Skagerrak Strait at the southern end of Norway [LME 2004], it is shallower than 200 m. The Baltic Sea is an enclosed sea bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the European North Coast, and the Danish islands. The Baltic Sea outflows into the North Sea through the Øresund strait (between Denmark and Sweden) and the Danish Belts (Store and Lille) via the Kattegat. The Baltic Sea includes the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland the Northen part of the former and the east part of the latter are long frozen during winter. Figure 2: North and Baltic Seas Region: ORECCA defined area in GIS (Source: RSE) The main population centres are located along the south coast of the North Sea and the eastern coast of the UK. There is a strong maritime culture in this region dating back to the Vikings. This is clear in the present day shipping routes and fishing industry and in the numerous large ports located in this region. -3- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 A large part of the south of the North Sea has relatively shallow water (less than 50m) while the northern part and the Baltic Sea has primarily water up to 200m depth range. In both the North Sea and Baltic Sea there is huge potential for wind energy, which is being exploited intensively especially in Denmark where the first world offshore wind farm has been installed since 1991 in Vindby off the North coast of the Danish Island Lolland. The suitability of the region to wind is supported by the numerous existing installations of offshore wind farms in the shallow water areas but also a planned offshore wind test site off the east coast of England and a floating offshore wind turbine demonstrator in the deeper waters off the coast of Norway. Ocean energy sites on the other hand are limited to a combined wind and wave device test site off the coast of Denmark. There is short fetch in this region which results in lower wave resource in the south and an increased wave power in the north influenced by the Atlantic. The wave resource varies from a high resource of up to 60kW/m annual average in the North along the coast of Norway and eastern coast of Scotland, to a much reduced figure in the South of 10-20kW/m annual average. These average power figures increase in winter to 105kW/m in Norway, 123kW/m in Scotland and 15-40kW/m in the southern North Sea (according to WERATLAS). The region’s tidal current sites are exclusively located off the English and French coasts in the English Channel and the Orkney Islands in Northern Scotland. There is a possibility that there are high currents in and around the fjords of Norway however no specific data has been found to support this. As well as the obvious commitment of the region to offshore wind, other advantages of the region include the existing and planned electrical interconnectors which could distribute renewable energy generation from this region to the mainland continental Europe and the high density of suitable ports and infrastructure on all coasts which are already in use for offshore renewable projects and the oil and gas industry. -4- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 2.2 Region 2: Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic region, as defined by the ORECCA Project, extends from Iceland in the North, western UK in the North-East to the southern coast of Portugal, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands in the SouthWest. Figure 3: Atlantic Ocean Region: ORECCA defined area in GIS (Source: RSE) The population in this region is dense along the South Atlantic coast (i.e. France, Spain and Portugal) and on both coasts of the Irish Sea, however is very sparsely populated in the west of Ireland and Scotland where the combined resource is greatest. The ratio of maritime economic zone to land area is large in this region and is reflected in the strong fishing and maritime culture and the numerous shipyards and ports in the region. The wind and wave resource is developed over a long fetch across the Atlantic Ocean from the eastern coast of the USA and in general there is a very good wind and wave energy resource all along the Atlantic coast, most notably in the west coast of Ireland, Scotland, southern England and northern Spain. The -5- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 average wind speed at 10m a.s.l. varies from 6.5m/s in the south of the region to 8.5m/s in the North with a concentration of higher wind speeds at the northern tip of Spain, Galicia. The annual average wave power per meter wave crest on the west coast of Ireland is 76kW/m and 157kW/m in winter while northern Spain is 55kW/m annual average and 113kW/m winter average. There is a good tidal current resource in specific locations where coastal topography constricts flow and increases tidal currents e.g. Severn, Pentland Firth etc; these sites are primarily in the Irish Sea, Scottish Islands and the north-west coast of France. The North Atlantic (UK, Ireland and France) has a continental shelf and therefore a reasonably constant water depth with distance from shore (depth less than 200m) while the South Atlantic (Spain and Portugal) has deep water closer to shore. The areas with water depth suitable for fixed offshore structures i.e. less than 50m, is limited in this region to the French coast and the Irish Sea. There are multiple existing and planned test sites in wave and tidal energy all along the Atlantic Coast reflecting the resource in this region however despite the high wind resource there are few offshore wind farms, with the exception of the Irish Sea, due in part to the extreme wave climate in the Atlantic and water depth greater than the current fixed structures design depths. A major disadvantage in the region is the limited grid infrastructure in the higher resource areas which also have the lowest population density and energy loads e.g. west Ireland and Scotland. However as the resource here is one of the highest in Europe, it may provide a sufficient incentive to invest in the grid infrastructure to provide renewable energy to continental Europe through the proposed Northern European interconnectors. -6- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 2.3 Region 3: Mediterranean and Black Sea Area The Mediterranean and Black Sea region, as considered by ORECCA, is enclosed by the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Sea as far as the straits of Gibraltar. This region is the crossroads of three continents with many cultures and countries at very different stages of development. There are 24 countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea basin; 6 EU member countries, 3 EU candidates, 5 potential EU candidates and 10 other countries. The Black Sea basin is bordered by 6 countries; 2 EU member countries, 1 EU candidate country and 3 other countries. Iceland Figure 4: Mediterranean and Black Seas Region: ORECCA defined area in GIS (Source: RSE) The region has a strong historical link to early navigation and early western civilisation. It is well known for its mild climate, scenic landscapes and the historical and artistic heritage of its countries have made tourism widespread. There is therefore high coastal tourism, fishery and navigation in the region. From the physical point of view, the region has rather homogeneous characteristics as far as geomorphology, meteorology, climate and environment are concerned. Nevertheless, the actual degree of knowledge of their energy resources and peculiar environmental aspects is currently less advanced than in the other regions. There are few offshore measurement stations for measured offshore renewable data in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, especially in the south of the Mediterranean which limits the estimate of the actual wind -7- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 resources. However, wind climatology studies from different methodologies (See section 3.3.3) revealed prospective sites with wind resources in deeper waters. With regards ocean energy, the region has a relatively low wave energy resource with the highest average wave power approx. 6kW/m in the Mediterranean Sea and there are a few specific locations with good tidal and ocean current resource i.e. straits of Gibraltar, straits of Messina and Bosporus straits. New interest is growing for the exploitation of offshore renewable resources in this area, primarily for wind, but also for wave, current and thermal energy. The Mediterranean offshore wind potential has been investigated since 19922. As yet, no offshore renewable energy converter has been installed, for industrial production purposes, but significant offshore wind potential has been estimated. More than 90 wind farms totalling about 20 GW of capacity are under consideration in this area3 including a few wind farms on fixed foundations already authorized in Spain and Italy4 and one of the first floating wind turbine prototypes has been tested for some time in Italian waters. A wind farm has also been authorised in the Black Sea off the coast of Constantia, Romania3. Ocean energy is also active in the region; a Kobold turbine driven by sea current was tested for a couple of years in the Strait of Messina5. Other devices for current energy exploitation are under development and the first experimentation of wave energy devices has been announced in the waters of Malta6. Infrastructure such as ports, shipyards, ships and electrical grid need further development to become suitable for significant installation and deployment of offshore renewable energy conversion devices. Studies for a common approach for the development of ports and for the Maritime Spatial Planning for better development of offshore renewable energies for this region are in progress7,8. Both Seas have very deep water with limited shallow water regions close to shore. For the Mediterranean this creates an issue with visibility of offshore structures from shore and the impact of this on tourism. Two issues of particular note in the Mediterranean and Black Seas region are the presence of significant seismic activity and certain environmental issues unique to the region in particular the presence of endemic species such as Posidonia Oceanica, a native seagrass. In general, the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins are less rich in wind, wave and tidal resources than the other regions and have limited areas with shallow waters suitable for fixed foundations. However the Mediterranean Sea basin could potentially be an interesting area for developing offshore renewable energy sources, for two main reasons. Firstly, extreme resource conditions are less harsh than in oceans and other European seas, which could favour the development of dedicated, less “robust” and consequently less expensive conversion devices. Secondly, according to a report by OME9, much of the forthcoming increase in energy demand is expected to take place in the North African countries bordering the Mediterranean. -8- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 3 Wind Resource The following sections, 3, 4 and 5, describe the sources of available resource data for each of the offshore renewable resources on a European, regional and national level and highlight the data that has been used in the EU FP7 ORECCA Project GIS tool. 3.1 General Introduction The process used to measure the wind energy potential at a given site can be described roughly in two phases10: Phase i) An evaluation of regional wind resources to locate promising wind farm areas, assuming maps of mean wind speed based on long-term (at least five full years) wind measurement in the region are available. Phase ii) A site-specific evaluation of the wind climate in the selected area where high masts are often erected to measure at least one year of wind and atmospheric turbulence profiles. Offshore experimental data is sparse and recorded periods of data are limited. Research attempts to supply information in the absence of these long-term observations using other methods however issues arise in validating these models without offshore measured data. Some of these research methods include; The use of onshore measurements in nearby coastal areas11,12; Re-analysis of datasets produced by applying a model to historical datasets to provide a long-term homogeneous time series. Many of these have been developed; the 2 most widely used to date are: 1) data sets from the European Centre of Medium range Weather Forecast “ECMWF”, ERA 15 (1978 - 1994), ERA 40 (1957 - 2002) ERA Interim (1989-2013) with a spatial resolution of 2.5° by 2.5°, 1.5° x 1.5° and 1.5° x 1.5° respectively ; 2) data sets from the NOAA's National Centres for Environmental Prediction “NCEP” with a spatial resolution of 1.875° by 1.875°; Increasing the reliability of space-borne observations from satellites using instruments such as scatterometers, which operate by transmitting pulses and quantifying the backscatter of a radar signal by the ocean surface. The main advantages of using space-borne scatterometer data for wind resource mapping is that they are from actual observation and their spatial coverage and the temporal continuity is at little or no cost, if used for research purposes. Limitations in terms of the accuracy, resolution and temporal sampling, currently restrict the application of this data source to the feasibility stage i.e. Phase (i) 13,14. The data obtained during phase (i) is required in phase (ii) to evaluate the short-term observations in a “climatological context”. -9- Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 3.2 European Wind Resource Data Offshore wind resource assessment has been addressed by a number of European Union supported projects15. For further information, a paper by Sempreviva10 gives a detailed review of Wind Energy assessment methodologies offshore. Uncertainties16,17 in resource prediction were identified in two EU projects; The JOULE project ‘Predicting Offshore Wind Energy Resources’18, setup a new methodology for combining geostrophic wind speeds estimated from surface measurements and the WAsP model to map wind speeds over European seas. The ENDOW project11, in which a series of mesoscale model runs illustrated that temperature variations, orography and roughness changes have an approximately equal impact on the predicted wind resource offshore. It was found that stability conditions are non-neutral for a significant fraction of the year and varies on spatial scales approximately equivalent to those of the area of large offshore wind farms. Accordingly, spatial variability needs tools for accurate prediction. Currently, a number of research projects are underway on the European and national level such as the FP7 NORSEWIND19, a Northern Seas Wind Index Database (2008-2012) which aims to provide offshore wind atlases for the Irish, Baltic and North Seas. The re-analyses data-sets, mentioned previously, cover all of the world seas but the resolution is very low and therefore coastal areas are not resolved. The data sources most thoroughly explored to date for wind energy applications are derived from polar orbiting satellites equipped with scatterometers including the NASA/JPL’s SeaWinds Scatterometer on QuikSCAT satellite20 and the more recent ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) onboard ESA Envisat (ENVIronmental SATellite). QuikSCAT21 has an 1800 km wide measurement swath on the Earth’s surface resulting in twice per day coverage over a given geographic region with a descending and an ascending orbit. QuikSCAT covers approximately 90-percent of Earth’s oceans every day. Wind retrievals are done on a spatial scale of 0.25o x 0.25o latitude/longitude providing wind-speed measurements of 3–20m/s, with an accuracy of 2m/s and 20° for wind speed and direction respectively. However, root mean square differences between quality controlled research ships and QuikSCAT are approximately ±1 m/s in wind speed and ±15° in direction22. SAR data from ESA ERS-2 are available for 1995 to date. With the newest retrieval algorithm update, CMOD5 wind speeds between 2 m/s and 24 m/s with an accuracy of ±2 m/s23, are obtained at typical grid resolutions used for wind energy mapping (approx. 500 m by 500 m). Major disadvantages with the use of images from SARs in wind energy resource mapping are that they are obtained three to eight times monthly and wind speed data are provided for free only in the original coordinate system ‘‘swath mode’’ while ‘‘grid mode’’ wind data have to be purchased. - 10 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 3.3 Regional Wind Resource Data 3.3.1 North Sea and Baltic Sea Region Measurements programmes have been made at prospective offshore wind farm sites using purpose built meteorological masts at a number of sites in northern Europe. These include those in Denmark24,25, Germany26,27 and Sweden28. In other countries, such as the UK, the Netherlands and Norway, measurement campaigns are not well described in the literature due to commercial confidentiality. Currently, the EUNorsewind project (2008-2012) aims to produce a wind atlas for the Irish and North Seas using 15 lidars and some met-masts, satellite-based wind mapping and atmospheric modelling. A North Sea Wind Map is available on request from Garrad Hassan as seen in Figure 5 below. Figure 5: North Sea Wind Map 29 A South Baltic Wind Map is also available from Risoe-DTU and was prepared for the South Baltic Offshore Wind Energy Regions (South Baltic OFF.E.R30) and the South Baltic Programme31 of cross-border cooperation. - 11 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 6: South Baltic Wind Speed Map at 80m a.s.l. 3.3.2 32 Atlantic Ocean Region While there are no known Atlantic wind resource studies being undertaken, a new transnational EU project is due to begin shortly in the region, Atlantic Power Cluster33,34. It is based on the successful North Sea Power Cluster and aims to bring together Atlantic coastal countries to develop a strategy and promote innovation for marine renewable energy. A study35 was carried out to compare the HOAPSi, Quikscat and real buoy data in the north Atlantic and the North Sea. It was found that the QuikSCAT’s mission requirement to provide wind speed within an rmse of 2m/s is met for the eastern North Atlantic and North Sea. i Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data - 12 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 7: Buoy Data compared against Quikscat and HOAPS data for North Sea and North Atlantic 3.3.3 35 Mediterranean and Black Sea Region Although the need for better information on offshore wind resources over the area of the Mediterranean and Black Sea has long been acknowledged36, and several studies on this subject have already been performed, at present it still generally agreed that the level of uncertainty and resolution of currently available wind maps37 should be improved considerably, especially with a view to evaluating the likely amount of energy that could be produced from wind. Moreover, many of these available wind maps refer to heights above sea level that are lower than the rotor hub heights of most wind turbines today set up at offshore wind farms. The main issue of the Mediterranean and Black sea area is fundamentally the lack of direct measurements of offshore wind. The number of wind measuring buoys at present in operation is around twenty, see Figure 8, however many of these buoys have been laid down at sea very recently. Furthermore, most buoys have been concentrated along the coasts of northern countries in the Mediterranean area, i.e. Spain, France, Italy and Greece, and along the coasts of Turkey in the Black Sea. - 13 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 8: Offshore wind measuring buoys As for all offshore areas, offshore measurements of wind speed and direction over the Mediterranean and Black Sea have also been carried out by the QuikSCAT satellite38 for 10 years (from 1999 through 2009) and make it possible to draw up homogeneous wind maps of large areas with 0.25° resolution. These maps have already been made ready for the Mediterranean basin as well39. As a significant example, Figure 9 shows the wind map at 60 m above sea level produced by the Nostrum project, as well as the map obtained by processing wind data at 10 m above sea level measured by the QuikSCAT satellite over eight years. On the whole, these maps seem in good agreement as far as indication of the points with highest wind speeds is concerned; the points, which show high wind speeds, are located in the Gulf of Lyon and in the Greek archipelagos. Other areas with lower, wind speeds are found around the southern regions of Italy, in the Channel of Sicily, along the coastline of Croatia and off the coasts of Spain near Gibraltar, where the first offshore wind farm in the Mediterranean should reportedly be built soon40. - 14 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 41 Figure 9: Two wind maps over the Mediterranean and Black Sea: from Nostrum project (60 m a.s.l., above) and from QuikSCAT 39 data (10 m a.s.l., below) Offshore wind speed and power density maps at 40 and 60 m a.s.l. for the western side of the Black Sea (Romania and Bulgaria) have been developed together with evaluations of scenarios for assessment of the profitability of wind energy investments42. Moreover a focus on Romanian offshore wind energy possibilities is reported43. Both these studies demonstrate the technical and economical feasibility of offshore wind parks in these areas of the Black Sea. Another evaluation of offshore wind potential in some Mediterranean and Black Sea countries has been carried out by ENEL through a GIS tool where the overall technical potential was calculated for a mean wind speed greater than 6m/s at 75m a.s.l. within 50 km of shore and in 200m water depth. 3.4 National Wind Resource Data The following table is a summary of the available national wind resource documents in Europe that were known to the ORECCA project at the time of writing. - 15 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Country Source of National Offshore Wind Atlas Albania There is no atlas that could be found44; Algeria On-land wind mapping in a north-eastern region45; Belgium North Sea Wind Map Available for purchase from Garrad Hassan image available - and wind 47 meteorological data available BosniaHerzegovina on-land and offshore Wind Atlas on sale by ANEMOS48; Bulgaria 2002 - Assessment of the Technical and Economic Potential of Wind Energy along the Black Sea 49 coast of Bulgaria and Romania Croatia on-land and offshore Wind Atlas on sale by ANEMOS50; a project is under way to develop the Wind Atlas of the Adriatic Sea51; Cyprus on-land Wind Atlas reported by AEOLIKI Ltd52; Denmark North Sea Wind Map Available for purchase from Garrad Hassan image available , and South 53 Baltic Wind Map 46 46 There are dedicated programmes to collect data have been collected by the developers of major wind farms however reports and data remain confidential. Walney 151 MW 2008-2010 Gunfleet Sands 172 MW 2008-2010 Rødsand II offshore wind farm, 36 kV interturbine grid 207 MW 2007-2010 Meerwind, Germany 288 MW 2006 Egmond aan Zee, Nederlands 108 MW 2006 Rødsand II (Preliminary study) 215 MW 2005 Kentish Flats, UK 90 MW 2005 Arklow Bank, Ireland 25 MW 2003 Nysted Offshore Wind Farm, Denmark 165 MW 2003 Samsø Offshore Wind Farm, Denmark 23 MW 2003 Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm, Denmark 40 MW 2001 Vindeby Offshore wind farm 5 MW 1992 Egypt on-land and offshore Wind Atlas54; Finland Finish Wind Atlas France May be available for purchase from Garrad Hassan in France also part of the regional 56 Mediterranean Wind and Wave Atlas . Also part of Risoe-DTU European Offshore Wind Resource 57 58 Atlas ; on-land and offshore Wind Atlas for the region “Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur” ; Germany North Sea Wind Map Available for purchase from Garrad Hassan image available Greece Part of the regional Mediterranean Wind and Wave Atlas 55 46 56 interactive on land Wind Atlas59; offshore (seasonal) wind maps60; identification of areas - 16 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 suitable for developing offshore wind power61; 62 63 Ireland SEAI Wind Maps, interactive GIS and Garrad Hassan SEAI Commissioned Atlas Italy Part of the regional Mediterranean Wind and Wave Atlas and (2009) Resource And Technology 64 Assessment For Evaluating Italy’s Offshore Wind Energy Potential ; On and Off-shore Wind 56 Atlas interactively accessible65; Italian offshore wind potential investigated by RSE66; Lebanon on-land and offshore Wind Atlas presented by da Garrad & Hassan67; Libya the National Wind Atlas is under preparation68; Malta a project for installation of an offshore wind farm is being evaluated69,70; Montenegro estimate of wind resources over the whole territory71,72; on-land and offshore Wind Atlas on sale by ANEMOS; studies on wind potential73; Morocco new, high-resolution on-land Wind Atlas under preparation74; Netherlands ECN Offshore Wind Atlas and North Sea Wind Map available from Garrad Hassan Norway Norwegian Offshore Wind Report or North Sea Wind Map Available for purchase from Garrad 46 Hassan image available Poland POWER D2.3 - The model for economical feasibility study of offshore wind power parks Romania 2002 - Assessment of the Technical and Economic Potential of Wind Energy along the Black Sea 78 coast of Bulgaria and Romania Spain IDAE – On and Off-shore Wind Atlas ; Part of the regional Mediterranean Wind and Wave Atlas Sweden According to Risoe-DTU Document , the Swedish Wind Atlas is available from Krieg, R. (1992). Vindatlas för Sverige. In Swedish. Slutrapport på projekt 506 269-2 på uppdrag av NUTEK. SMHI, Norrköping. 26 pp. and Krieg, R. (1999). Verifiering af beräknad vindenergiproduktion. In Swedish. SMHI rapport Nr. 28, SMHI, Norrköping. 25 pp + app. Syria on-land wind map81; evaluations of wind potential82; Tunisia on-land Wind Atlas developed by the Spanish research centre CENER83; Turkey Available for Purchase, Wind & Deepwater wave atlas for Turkish Coast 75 46 76 79 77 56 80 84 on-land and offshore Wind Atlas85; the offshore wind potential has been estimated at 10 GW at the recent conference Wind Power Turkey86; UK BERR UK Renewable Atlas 87 Table 1: Sources of National Offshore Wind Resource Data 3.5 Buoy Data National sources of buoy data are detailed in Table 7 in Section 4.5 Buoy Data. The sections below give the specific buoys used in each of the regions to validate the Quikscat model. 3.5.1 North Sea and Baltic Sea Region The table below gives the location of offshore buoys used for validation of the QuikScat data in the North Sea88 in a study carried out during the ORECCA project. The table displays the station name, geographical - 17 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 position, height of anemometer above sea level (a.s.l.), approximate effective duration of the data set in days, the measurement period and the distance to the QuikScat point used for comparison. The parentheses around a date indicate that there are few observations before this time. Pos. Measurement Point Meas. height [m] Geographical Position Description Dist. to shore [km] Time period 54° 43.00 N ; 13° 45.00 E Buoy 16 10/02-11/04 54° 53.00 N ; 13° 52.00 E Buoy 35 11/04-12/09 9 54° 42.00 N ; 12° 42.00 E Mast 28 1995-2002 4 54° 36.00 N ; 11° 09.00 E Buoy 8 2004-2009 9 54° 05.00 N ; 14° 10.00 E Buoy 11 1997-2009 BALTIC SEA 1 Arkona Becken 89 1 2 Darßer Schwelle 3 Fehmarn Belt 4 10 Oder Bank 90 1 NORTH SEA 5 6 Deutsche Bucht 2 14 54 ° 10.00 N ; 07° 27.00 E Lightship 45 2006-2009 14 54° 10.00 N ; 06° 21.00 E Lightship 66 2006-2009 33, 40, 50, 71, 80, 90, 100 54° 00.00 N ; 06° 35.00 E Met mast 45 08/03-12/09 10 55° 00.00 N ; 06° 20.00 E Buoy 125 06/99-05/05 2 Ems 7 FINO1 8 NSB II 2, 91 2 10/07-12/09 9 NSB III 2 10 54° 41.00 N ; 06° 47.00 E Buoy 98 09/05-06/07 since 07/10 Table 2: North Sea measurement buoys used to validate Quikscat data Results of the series of field experiments CAPMOS'05-07-09, performed at an offshore oceanographic platform in the Black Sea are available in the appendix. The platform located 600 m off shore was equipped with a set of contact and remote sensors. Conventional contact sensors were used for direct measurements of atmosphere and sea boundary layer parameters (wind speed and direction, air temperature, water temperature and salinity profiles, etc.) whereas microwave and IR radiometers were used for remote measurements of surface temperature and wave parameters92. 3.5.2 Atlantic Ocean Region The north Atlantic region has measured offshore wind and wave data from numerous measurement buoys primarily managed by the Met Office (UK) and Met Eireann (Ireland). The map of the available buoys in the north Atlantic are shown in Figure 10 below, taken from the National Data Buoy Centre’s website. In the south Atlantic a co-operative EUREKA project, RADSEANET93, was set up to provide a remote sensing sea state monitoring network for the Iberian Peninsula as shown in Figure 11. - 18 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 10: Map of European 94 Meteorological Measurement Buoys 3.5.3 Figure 11: Map of RADSEANET Measurement Buoys 95 Mediterranean and Black Sea Region A good survey of available information on wave and wind data in the Mediterranean Sea is given in a paper that deals with the gathering of such data for studying stability of ships96. Results of direct measurements of wind at offshore spots are very rare in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Existing buoys, as shown previously in Figure 8, belong to different networks and owners. Many buoys have been installed only recently and most of those located in Italian waters have been intended for monitoring other quantities of interest to climatology and seismology. In some cases, historical data, either raw and/or processed, can be found and downloaded directly from websites; in other cases it is necessary to get in touch with the operator that makes them available. Particularly: Buoys of the Spanish network: data and information can be downloaded from the site97; French buoys: Lyon buoy and Nice Buoy – data can be downloaded from the NOAA site 98; Italian buoys: - CUMAS buoy (Gulf of Naples): raw data are available online from the site99; - ODAS buoy (Ligurian Sea): for raw data it is necessary to apply to concerned researchers; processed data and statistics of measuring data are available from the site100; - ARPAV buoy (Veneto): to get raw data from the three buoys it is necessary to apply to ARPAV; processed data can be found on the site101. Buoys of the Greek network: information and data can be found on the site102. - 19 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Data from these buoys have been used for comparison and/or calibration of the results of various models103. Measurements carried out on islands are another source of information, particularly when islands are flat, uninhabited, uncovered and far from the mainland coasts, as is the case of Pianosa island in the Tremiti archipelago, where an RSE wind measuring station has been set up, providing output data that can be freely downloaded from the site65. Lastly, there are measurements carried out at spots right on the shoreline: besides national and/or regional measuring networks, historical wind data can be downloaded from the site104 for every country of the world. A picture summarizing the information available over the Mediterranean and Black Sea area is given in Figure 12. Figure 12: Long-time average values of wind speed (m/s) measured by stations based offshore, on islands and on coasts in the 104 Mediterranean and Black Sea area. Source Windfinder , processing by RSE In spite of the low precision of its data, this data base is a homogeneous information source over large geographical areas. In this case the information should be taken with care, both because many of these stations have been set up with measuring purposes that are different from wind energy evaluations, for instance the stations placed in airports, and because it is generally very difficult, owing to the different orography and land roughness between sea and land, to make evaluations of offshore wind resources on the basis of measures taken on land, even by stations set right on the coasts. A detailed study was carried out by Ditne on the wind characteristics in the Channel of Sicily (Lampedusa Island and Vega Platform). Since there is a general lack of information about reliable wind data in the - 20 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Mediterranean Sea, these wind data acquisitions off the Sicilian coast are very useful to provide a better knowledge about wind resources in this promising area. Station Latitude Longitude Height a.s.l. (m) Effective duration (days) From-to (mm.yyyy-mm.yyyy) Distance to Quikscat point [km] Cote d’Azur 43.40 7.80 4.5 2891 01.2000-01.2008 33.3585 Gulf of Lyon 42.10 4.70 4.5 2645 07.2000-01.2008 0 Cabo Begur 41.915 3.645 3.5 1050 (06.2003)-09.2007 21.0998 Mahon 39.718 4.442 3.5 1250 (01.2004)-01.2008 26.1973 Cabo de Gata 36.570 -2.340 3.5 1945 07.1999-01.2008 25.1301 Alboran Sea 36.267 -5.033 3.5 1300 07.1999-02.2006 56.3261 Venice 45.3142 12.5083 15 1460 2001-2007 83.3677 Lesvos 39.15 25.80 6 550 01.2000-01.2003 55.1878 Mykonos 37.51 25.45 6 516 01.2000-12.2002 54.5989 Avgo 35.62 25.64 6 643 05.2000-12.2002 70.0451 Santorini 36.25 25.49 6 730 01.2000-12.2002 27.7987 Table 3:Location of offshore buoys used for validation of the QuikScat data in the Mediterranean Sea (Furevik et al 2011) 105 3.6 Data Selected for ORECCA GIS In the ORECCA project QuikSCAT data have been used. Ten full year data (1999-2010) from the SeaWinds scatterometer on board the NASA satellite QuikSCAT are available providing a robust estimate of wind statistics, i.e. maps of mean wind speed, “wind speed and direction frequency distribution, inter-annual and intra-annual indices that quantify temporal trends in near-surface wind-speeds to evaluate short-term wind speed measurements in a climatological context. QuikScat winds have been extensively validated against buoy data in the Atlantic and Pacific106,107,108,109. A comparison of QuikScat winds against wind observations at weather station “M”39 showed a correlation of 0.93 with a root-mean-square deviation (rmsd) of 1.6m/s for wind speeds ranging up to 30m/s. Less good agreement was noted when comparing to data from large offshore constructions (oil rigs) and coastal stations. Less good agreement was also found in the Mediterranean Sea110 when comparing QuikSCAT data with open sea buoy measurements in the north-western part of the basin. Use of quikscat for wind resources assessment in the Mediterranean using eight –year data has been39,88 presented in a preliminary study in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. For the ORECCA project Risoe-DTU National Laboratory has produced a map of wind Speed from the Atlantic Ocean domain from QuikSCAT. It should be borne in mind that measurements taken from satellites by means of scatterometers do have rather high uncertainties (up to 2 m/s) especially in closed basins such as the Mediterranean Sea and, even more, the Adriatic Sea or the Black Sea. In addition, the number of measurements are fewer in sea areas closer to coasts, which are, conversely, of more interest in terms of possible locations for offshore wind farms. - 21 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 13: North and Baltic Seas Region: Quikscat Average Annual Wind Speed Data at 10m a.s.l. - 22 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 14: Mediterranean and Black Seas Region: Quikscat Average Annual Wind Speed Data at 10m a.s.l. - 23 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 15: Atlantic Ocean Region: Quikscat Average Annual Wind Speed Data at 10m a.s.l. - 24 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 4 Wave Resource 4.1 General Information 4.1.1 Nomenclature CNES – Centre National d’Études Spatiales ECMWF – European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast ERS –European Remote Sensing Satellite ESA –European Space Agency NASA - National Aeronautics and Space NCAR – National Centre for Atmospheric Research NCEP – National Centres for Atmospheric Prediction NDBC –National Data Buoy Centre NOAA –National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4.1.2 Wave Information Sources The two basic sources of wave information are data obtained from direct or indirect measurement techniques i.e. in situ or using remote sensing (both ground and satellite based), and results of numerical wind-wave models. However, the first global source of wave data was visual observations carried out for meteorological purposes on board commercial ships, which began to be archived in 1850 e.g. by British Meteorological Office111. In situ measurements provide realistic data but are not widely available. Remote sensed data, namely satellite data, are becoming increasingly accurate and available. Directional buoys often provide frequency spectra, in addition to the mean direction and it’s spreading for each frequency band. Often, an oceanic sea state will include both locally generated wind sea, whose dominant direction should be that of the local wind, and swell, i.e. generally long period, far travelled waves generated up to several days earlier by distant weather patterns. They may have a quite different dominant direction. In this case an adequate summary of the sea state will require separate height, period and mean direction of wind-sea and (occasionally more than one) swell components. Numerical wind-wave models take as input wind fields over an ocean basin (or globally) and compute directional spectra at the nodes of a grid extending over the considered basin(s). Although they are not direct measurements and so cannot be fully relied on, model results present advantages, namely their proven accuracy for extended oceanic areas and a very low ratio working costs/computational velocity. Measured data and model results have shown to be complementary. A common practice to improve the accuracy of these models is to calibrate their results against wave data, namely in situ and satellite data. - 25 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Data Source Device / Model Measurements In situ Buoys and pressure, laser and acoustic probes Remote sensed Satellite altimeter Satellite SAR Ground-based Radar Wind-wave models 3rd generation models (WAM, WaveWatch III and other models), and also UK Met Office model (2nd generation) Table 4: Wave data sources and types In Europe, the available in situ data is still far from sufficient for describing the offshore wave climate along the continent. In fact, there is not yet a co-coordinated European-wide wave data collection paralleling the network operated by NOAA in the USA for example. Neither is there a central repository and/or inventory of European wave measurements. Most European countries have, however, over the years, carried out data collection from buoys and offshore installations for different purposes, with responsibility for data banking resting within the individual countries. A detailed description of the most commonly used wave measuring sensors is given in the book “Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters”112. Remote Sensed Measurements As the ocean is a rough environment and in situ data are scarce, remote sensing techniques play an increasingly important role in this context. Sensors such as the radar altimeter and the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) have the clear advantage that they penetrate clouds and are not dependent on sun illumination of the remotely sensed objects. A disadvantage in their use is low frequency of measurements which makes the resource statistics useful only in pre-feasibility studies or in combination with classical offshore measurements and modelling results. Wind-Wave Numerical Models Wave modelling is the numerical solution of the equations that describe the physical processes of wave growth, decay and propagation on the oceans, taking as input the wind fields over the ocean that are produced by numerical atmospheric models. Steady improvements both in theory and computer power have led over the last 20 years to very sophisticated atmospheric and wave models, now commonly used to produce daily forecasts on global, regional and also site specific scales. The two most relevant reanalysis programmes have produced data sets available for research. These are the reanalysis from the joint effort of the NCEP and NCAR113 and the other is from ECMWF. These reanalysis data sets present the advantage of being over a long term period and therefore suitable for meaningful climatological analyses. ECMWF reanalysis datasets include ERA-40 producing wave data from 1957 to 2001 - 26 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 over a basic resolution of 1.5° by 1.5°. The online Global Wave Climatology Atlas was derived from this 45year of ECMWF reanalysis data114. Global Models The first third-generation wave model was the WAM Model115 that was first implemented at ECMWF116. It was further implemented in many centres, being distributed by the German Research Centre GKSS. WAVEWATCH III (WW3) developed by NOAA/NCEP, differs in governing equations, numerical methods and physical parameterizations117,118. Verifications and comparisons of wave models have shown that model accuracy is continuously increasing namely due to data assimilation and statistical forecasts (ensemble prediction)119. Another relevant wind-wave model is the second generation UK Met Office wave model first developed in 1983120 and further updated. Finally, the AES40 model121 has produced a 40-year (1958-1997) wind and wave hindcast for the North Atlantic. Table 5 presents an overview of the main global wind-wave numerical models. Model ID Description Coverage (Lat/Long) (deg) WW3 Global118 3rd generation, data assimilation, deterministic + ensemble WAM (ECMWF)116 3rd generation, data assimilation, deterministic + ensemble WAM 3rd generation, shallow water GSM (DWD)122 UKMO 2nd generation Available Data Type Data Format Availability 1.00 x 1.25 Hs, Tp, GRIB and Spectral text bulletins in ACSII Since 03.2000 GRIB Real-time forecast / Archived forecast 0 W-258.75 E 81 S-81 N Tm ,θm S(f, ) 0.25 x 0.25 0 W-259.5E 80.28 N- Global Wave Model123 AES40121 78 S-78 N Grid (Lat x Long) (deg) Hs, Tp, θm S(f, ) 0.75 x 0.75 Hs, Tp, θm (sea & swell) - 5/9 x 5/6 Hs, Tp, θm - 2000.06.01 2003.09.30 0.625 x 0.833 Hs, Tp, θm for sea and swell BINARY 1958-1997 79.17 S 40-year (19581997) wind and wave hindcast of the North Atlantic; OWI-3G model 0-70 N 82 W-20 E Table 5: Main global numerical wind-wave models - 27 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 4.2 European Wave Resource Data A preliminary assessment on ocean energy potential requires the compilation of realistic wave and wind conditions, which can be embodied in the form of an atlas or other kinds of databases. The primary sources of historical and actual compilations of ocean information are as follows: Ocean Wave Statistics Visual observations of commercial ships are done all over the oceans and seas and are collected by meteorological institutions. The first archive of observations started in Britain in 1854. They have systematically been collected since 1961 according to the Resolution 35 of the Worldwide Meteorological Organisation. The most well-known compilations of these observations are the OWS (Ocean Wave Statistics124) and after Global Wave Statistics (GWS125) which takes advantage of the experience of detected biases in OWS to correct them. The main advantage of GWS/OWS is the duration of the collection period. This information is most interesting to shipping applications, because it takes into account bad weather avoidance and it is welldocumented for the major shipping routes. However for wave climate assessment it presents important drawbacks namely the lack of information outside the main routes, the poor accuracy for periods (whereas heights are well estimated by these experienced observers), and some deficiencies in seasonal variations modelling and in reporting extremes. WORLDWAVES (OCEANOR - 1995) WorldWaves is an offshore database with a series of comprehensive high resolution interactive wind and wave atlases which includes bathymetric data, ray-tracing and SWAN wave models, statistical analysis package for offshore and near-shore analyses126. The package is a complete wave analysis and modelling package for any country or region worldwide in deep-water and shallow-water127. The basic WorldWaves database consists of wave model time series for 9,665 positions calibrated against Topex and Jason data based primarily on satellite altimeter data. In addition to the data for these locations, Fugro OCEANOR holds uncalibrated data in some 26,000 positions. WERATLAS - European Offshore Wave Energy Resource Atlas (1996) The European offshore wave energy resource is described in WERATLAS, developed within a European R&D project128. This atlas was the first attempt to assess the offshore European wave energy resource using a common methodology and homogeneous data sets whose accuracy was carefully evaluated. This wave information is the result of the numerical wind-wave WAM model, run at ECMWF, as well as from buoy data for the North Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. The verification of the WAM results was made by comparison against buoy data and satellite altimeter data. It revealed that the accuracy of the results was very good for the North Atlantic, but the quality was lower for the Mediterranean, likely due to poorer accuracy of the input wind fields. - 28 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 WERATLAS covers the North-eastern Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the Barents Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. Results for the North Africa coastline are also included. The atlas includes a wide range of wave-climate and wave-power statistics, presented as tables and plots. The basic resource statistics are the long-term annual value of wave power P and its directional distribution (wave power rose). Other relevant statistics for the resource assessment are power exceedance curve (percentage of time during which each power level is exceeded); univariate and bivariate frequency distributions of Hs, Te, Tp and seasonal variation of P are also incorporated in this atlas. Figure 16: Annual wave power roses for the northernmost part of the Northeastern Atlantic covered by WERATLAS. The figure inside the rose represents the annual power level in kW/m. 4.3 Regional Wave Resource Data Usually, global-scale wave models are only designed to provide general wave patterns over the deep ocean, and do not describe information accurate enough to describe small-scale, complex wave patterns near the coastal areas. Therefore, both WAM, WW3 and UKMO have regional or local models, which have higher resolution in space and time in order to predict wave conditions adequately over the continental shelf and near land boundaries. Besides WAM, WW3 and UKMO regional/local models, there are other successful models with applications at different parts of the globe. - 29 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 SWAN model129 for example is a spectral wave model based on the action density balance equation that describes the evolution of two-dimensional wave energy spectra under specified conditions of winds, currents, and bathymetry. It simulates wave propagation, accounting for refraction due to variations in seabed and currents; shoaling, blocking and reflection due to opposing currents; and blockage, reflection or transmission due to obstacles. SWAN can be used on any scale, although this model is specifically designed for coastal applications where reflection and diffraction are not significant112. MAR3G is a third-generation wind-wave model, complemented by an inverse-ray refraction model that computes the directional spectra transformation from open-ocean to the nearshore. It is implemented in the routine operation of Instituto de Meteorologia, Portugal where it is used for operational forecast130. Shoaling, refraction, bottom dissipation, and shelter by the coastline and/or neighbouring islands are taken into account131. a b c d Figure 17: DMI-WAM models; a) North Atlantic; b) North Sea and Baltic Sea; c) Inner Danish Waters; d) Mediterranean Sea 122 The Mediterranean region also has maps and statistics132 of significant quantities of waves (height, period, direction) provided in Medatlas133. While a wave energy assessment of the Black sea has been reported134. 4.4 National Wave Resource Data All coastal countries in Europe do not have a wave resource atlas or studies. It is typically those with a high resource that have invested in quantifying the resource e.g. Portugal, Spain, Ireland, UK. ONDATLAS (2003) - 30 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 ONDATLAS is a nearshore electronic atlas for Portugal containing comprehensive wave climate and wave energy statistics for 78 points at about 20 m water depth spaced variably ca. 5–30 km, five points at deep water, and two points at open ocean locations. The data were produced by model MAR3G. ONDATLAS statistics comprise yearly and monthly values, variability and probability data for significant wave height, energy (mean) period, peak period and wave power, and directional histograms for wave and power direction. Joint probability distributions for various combinations of the above parameters are also available, as well as extreme values and return period for wave height and period parameters. A summary of the detailed verification of this model using long-term buoy measurements at four sites is presented. The strong spatial variability that wave conditions exhibit at the coastal area is illustrated and a brief assessment of the nearshore resource at the Portugal mainland is presented135. An ONDATLAS version for Madeira Islands was developed by INETI136. Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources The United Kingdom has developed an atlas of its Marine Renewable Energy Resources namely tide, wave and offshore wind that can be downloaded online137. It is constituted by maps of these marine renewable resources. The purpose of the atlas was to quantify and spatially map the potential wave, tidal and offshore wind resource at a regional scale across the limits of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS). The atlas has been built from the best source of wave, tide and offshore wind information presently available across the UKCS. Accessible Wave Energy Resource Atlas: Ireland (2005) The Irish Wave Power Atlas 2005 is based on initial comparison between several years of hourly wave forecasts (using WAM model) on a grid of points located off the Irish coast with corresponding records from a number of buoys installed in recent years. Based on the level of agreement found the wave forecasts were then modified slightly and used to estimate and map the mean annual power and energy resources at the theoretical, technical, practicable and accessible levels. The work builds on previous studies to advance understanding of the factors that influence the scale and distribution of these resources. It also places them in context with other users of these waters to facilitate decision making and minimize possible hindrance to future resource utilization138. National Information Some national and/or regional maps and/or atlases for countries in Europe are listed in Table 6 below. Country National Wave Resource Atlas Sources Belgium Meteorological Data and a paper looking at Belgian Wave Energy Resource; 2007-Beels-Wave Energy on 140 141 the Belgian Continental Shelf ; also included in the Wave Energy Resource in the North Sea 139 - 31 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Denmark Bølgeenergiatlas, 1985, Kim Nielsen, Instituttet for Skibs og Havteknik, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet is available in Danish and the document "Mapping the wave ratio in the Danish Part of the North Sea" is 142 available in Danish The country is also included in a study on Wave Energy Resource in the North Sea 143 Egypt A study of a wave-powered desalination plant in the Mediterranean Sea144. France Part of the regional Mediterranean Wind and Wave Atlas 56 145 Nearshore Wave Energy Atlas available for purchase and (2009) Wave energy resource off the French 146 coasts: the ANEMOC database applied to the energy yield evaluation of Wave Energy Converters Greece Part of the regional Mediterranean Wind and Wave Atlas 56 offshore (seasonal) maps147; 148 Ireland SEAI Wave Atlas and Interactive GIS Italy Vicinanza, D., Cappietti, L., Contestabile, P. (2009). "Assessment of Wave Energy around Italy" 150 56 Interactive GIS and Part of the regional Mediterranean Wind and Wave Atlas 149 ; An atlas collecting significant quantities of waves in Italian seas has been published151 and a study on energy potential along coasts is under publication152. Malta evaluations for installing a demonstration plant153; Netherlands Wave Energy Resource in the North Sea 143 Norway Wave Energy Resource in the North Sea 143 Portugal ONDATLAS for mainland (to be purchased from Instituto Portuário e dos Transportes Marítimos - IPTM) and ONDATLAS for Madeira archipelago (to be downloaded from www2.aream.pt/ondatlas) include nearshore and offshore wave power statistics Spain a full study has been published on wave characteristics along the coasts of Spain for purposes of energy 155 potential evaluation; including the Mediterranean Sea ; or specific Dutch atlas available for purchase from Alkyon IDAE - Wave and Tidal Resource Interactive Map 156,157 Also part of the regional Mediterranean Wind and Wave Atlas Spanish regional Atlas de Ondas de Galicia Turkey 56 158 a wave Atlas has been published159 as well as studies on wave energy potential, which estimate a technical potential of about 10 TWh/year with annual average power of 4 to 17 kW/m160; Available for Purchase, WIND & DEEP WATER WAVE ATLAS FOR TURKISH COAST UK 154 161 As wind Table 6: Sources of National Wave Resource Data 4.5 Buoy Data As far as measurements are concerned, like in all offshore areas, measured data of wave height and period have been made available by the QuikSCAT38 satellite, which acquired them over 10 years (from 1999 to 2009). Information and direct measuring data can be found and often downloaded from the following sites: Country National Buoy Data Sources - 32 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Belgium 162 Hydro Meteo Atlas , Some UK Met Office Buoys available off the coast (See UK Buoy Data) Denmark Wind offshore measured data 163 Some UK Met Office Buoys available off the coast (See UK Buoy Data) France 164 165 Meteo France Data available , Lyon buoy and Nice buoy – Data can be downloaded from the NOAA site98 Some UK Met Office Buoys available off the coast (See UK Buoy Data) Greece information and requests for data on the site102 Iceland Wave Buoy Data Sets available from the Icelandic Maritime Administration 167 locations available Ireland Real time data and co-ordinates of buoys - available on request Italy Italian Meteorological Buoy Data available from ISPRA National Wave Measuring Network (Rete 170 Ondametrica Nazionale) Norway Some information available from the National Data Buoy Network, information is all privately owned 171 data from offshore platforms ; Recent Data available from Surf Websites http://www.surfforecast.com/breaks/Klitmoller/buoys and http://magicseaweed.com/Norway-Surf-Forecast/52/ Portugal Map of measurement buoys and data available from Portuguese Hydrographic Institute (Instituto 172 Hidrografico Marinha de Portugal) Spain Data and Buoy Locations can be downloaded from the site97,173 UK National Data Buoy Center 168 166 and map of buoy 169 174 Table 7: National Buoy Data Sources 4.6 Data Selected for ORECCA GIS The data used in the OCEANOR map originate from the ECMWF WAM model archive and are calibrated and corrected (by OCEANOR) against a global buoy and Topex satellite altimeter database. The data is one of the highest accuracy wave energy maps produced to date.175 The Fugro-OCEANOR wave data, WorldWaves, has been used in the ORECCA project due to its quality and consistency across all of the 3 regions in Europe and due to its accessibility and availability for research purposes. - 33 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 18: North and Baltic Seas: OCEANOR GIS Map - Calculated average wave power and input point database - 34 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 19: Mediterranean and Black Seas: OCEANOR GIS Map - Calculated average wave power and input point database - 35 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 20: Atlantic Ocean: OCEANOR GIS Map - Calculated average wave power and input point database - 36 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 5 Tidal Current Resource 5.1 General There is generally a lack of widespread tidal stream resource data across Europe. Although a few countries with particularly good tidal resource have developed national models, which are publically available and show the resource in bins in a grid around the coastline. Tidal stream resource is very site specific, and although many of these areas of high tidal stream are known colloquially, there is generally not a lot of information available for many of these sites. Tidal diamonds on navigational charts can give a good first approximation, and although they have been known to contain errors, being derived from measured data, they can generally be considered to be accurate. As this is essentially point data, it does not give a good idea of the spatial variability of the resource. Tidal diamond datasets are obtained from measurements made from a boat at a fixed point over a 12 hour period. Every hour, a current meter is deployed over the side of the anchored boat and the current is read off with the meter just below the surface. The measurements are made during a meteorologically quiet period (otherwise residual flows have to be removed), and factored based on the mean spring and neap tidal range at a chosen reference port to reflect these conditions. The main disadvantage of tidal diamonds is that the period of observation on which they are based is very short (generally less than 25 hours); therefore this is only able to encapsulate the most basic tidal constituents. Several national and regional studies have looked at tidal resource; these are discussed in the relevant sections below. These studies have so far tended to concentrate on the very best, high flow sites, based on the cut-in and rated speeds of existing first generation machines. Whereas this approach is acceptable for early projects, there are some systems that are designed to generate power from lower velocity currents. In many cases these use flow enhancement systems and techniques such as venturis and blockage effects. 5.2 European 5.2.1 GIS Data Layer The European tidal resource used for the ORECCA project is presented as an interrogate-able GIS data layer. The resource data used to generate the tidal stream resource GIS data layer consists of 105 different sites, which were derived from a number of separate studies. These were: Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources (see section 5.4 for more details) Phase II UK Tidal Stream Energy Resource Assessment – Black & Veatch, July 2005 (see section 5.4 for more details) CENEX: Tidal and marine currents exploitation – IT Power, 1994 (see below for more details) The Analysis of Tidal Stream Power - Jack Hardisty, 2009 (see section 5.3 for more details) In addition, IT Power’s own site finding work and our extensive database of proposed marine renewable projects were used to supplement these studies, particularly for the less well studied areas. Sites with a flow speed below 1.75m/s mean spring peak were not considered for the GIS layer, because as discussed in section 5.1, the majority of current tidal stream turbines are unable to extract much energy from flows below this value. The approximate area of each site is shown in the data layer. For several - 37 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 regions, a number of different sites/areas are identified, which may overlap slightly. The areas are very approximate and represent the areas of high flow; it will not be possible to develop the entire area for each site. For each of the sites in the GIS layer, the following fields were also populated: Area - European area Name - Site Name Study - Reference study Study_Ref - Reference study site number Source – Source of data used in reference study Depth (m) Vsp_m_s - Mean Sprint Peak velocity (m/s) Vnp_m_s - Mean Sprint Neap velocity (m/s) Power_MW - Extractable power (MW) Energy_MWh - Energy output (MWh/year) Seabed - Seabed type Figure 21: Tidal Points across Europe as produced by the GIS - 38 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 5.2.2 European Wide Studies CENEX: Tidal and marine currents exploitation – IT Power, 1994: The objective of this project was to assess the possibilities and potential of exploiting tidal and marine currents for power generation in Europe. The outcome from this project was an overview of the potential for tidal current exploitation in Europe derived from desk studies based on navigation charts and pilotage publications. A digital version of the atlas was produced in a searchable tabulated format. 5.3 Regional There are very few regional studies looking at the tidal stream resource in Europe. This is largely because other than the UK, Ireland, western France and the Channel Islands, the tidal stream resource for the rest of Europe is relatively poor. The following sources of data cover the three ORECCA regions (the North Sea and Baltic Sea Region, the Atlantic Ocean Region and the Mediterranean and Black Sea Region): The British Oceanographic Data Centre (see section 5.4) have datasets that cover the three ORECCA regions. A book by Jack Hardisty, published in 2009, ‘The Analysis of Tidal Stream Power‘, has resource figures for certain sites in these three regions. The UK Hydrographic Office (see section 5.4) publishes 22 different tidal stream atlases covering the entire UK coast, the North Sea and the west coast of France. 5.3.1 North Sea and Baltic Sea Region The tidal resource in this region is almost entirely clustered around the Pentland Firth, the Orkney and Shetland Islands and the south coast of England. The resource in the Pentland Firth alone has been estimated to be 8.9TWh/y176. The approximate resource in other good sites in this region has been estimated as follows: South England: 535GWh/y Orkneys: 460GWh/y Shetland Islands: 470GWh/y There is very little tidal stream resource to speak of in the East of the North Sea or the Baltic Sea. 5.3.2 Atlantic Ocean Region The resource in the Atlantic region is primarily focused around the UK, northern France and the Channel Islands. Total technically extractable resource around the Channel Islands has been estimated to be 3TWh per year176. The approximate resource in other good sites in this region have been estimated as follows: West of Scotland: 1.1GWh/y Northern Ireland: 1GWh/y Wales: 570GWh/y - 39 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 5.3.3 Mediterranean and Black Sea Region In the Mediterranean and Black Seas, the resource is in distinct areas such as Gibraltar, Messina and small areas of the Aegean Sea. In all cases, the flow is towards the lower limit of the velocities used in this study (>1.75m/s). The general opinion is that these resources cannot give significant contributions to energy production, with few exceptions in areas such as the Strait of Gibraltar, the Strait of Messina, the area of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, where the particular shapes of surrounding land and sea bottom are capable of accelerating water masses, see Figure 22: Distribution of Tidal Current Locations across Europe . Figure 22: Distribution of Tidal Current Locations across Europe 177 It should however be noted that, following recent developments in device technology for tidal energy conversion, even other zones, albeit less rich in resources, could turn out to be of some interest, as can be - 40 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 seen from the results of a study carried out by RSE178, and from another study about the tides and tidal current energy potential in the Greek seas179. 5.4 National UK: The technically extractable tidal stream resource around the UK has been estimated to be between 18TWh176 and 94.4TWh180 per year, from up to 35.9GW180 of installed capacity. Approximately 28,000km2 of UK waters are estimated to be suitable for tidal technology, which represents 3.1% of the UK Continental shelf180. Due to the magnitude of the tidal resource around their coastline, the UK has by far the most detailed and readily available data for tidal stream resource. The following in particular are good sources of tidal stream data for the UK: The Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources - The Atlas represents the most detailed regional description of potential marine energy resources in UK waters ever completed to date at a national scale. The model, which was derived from the POL HRCS model, has a horizontal resolution of approximately 1 nautical mile (1.8km). GIS datalayers for the atlas can be downloaded free of charge87. The British Oceanographic Data Centre (a national facility for looking after and distributing data concerning the marine environment) holds an enormous number of physical, biological, chemical and geophysical datasets measured in UK waters and around the globe. These are taken from a multitude of different studies, several of which measured marine current velocities. Several of these are freely available, whilst others are only available to purchase or free for academic research181. The UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO) publishes 22 different tidal stream atlases covering the entire UK coast, the North Sea and the west coast of France. A tidal atlas usually consists of a set of 12 or 13 diagrams, one for each hour of the tidal cycle, for a coastal region. Each diagram uses arrows to indicate the direction of the flow at that time. The speed of the flow may be indicated by numbers on each arrow or by the length of the arrow. Areas of slack water may be indicated by no arrows or the words ‘slack water’182. All the leading hydraulic / hydrographic modelling companies and many universities in the UK have their own tidal current models on a national, regional and local scale. These companies include; HR Wallingford, ABP MER, Metoc and The National Oceanography Centre (formerly the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory). In addition to these datasets, a large number of resource or site studies have been carried out for the UK coastline. The most interesting are the following: Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources – ABPmer et al, March 2008. Estimation of Electricity Generation at South West Coastal Sites – IT Power (for SWRDA), November 2010. Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework for Wales. Matching Renewable Electricity Generation with Demand - University of Edinburgh, February 2006. - 41 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Offshore Renewables Resource Assessment and Development (ORRAD) Project – PMSS (for SWRDA), October 2010. Phase II UK Tidal Stream Energy Resource Assessment – Black & Veatch, July 2005. Potential Nature Conservation and Landscape Impacts of Marine Renewable Energy Developments in Welsh Territorial Waters – ABPmer (for CCW), February 2005. Quantification of Exploitable Tidal Energy Resources in UK Waters – ABPmer, July 2007. Seapower SW Review – Metoc (for SWRDA), January 2004. Tapping the Tidal Power Potential of the Eastern Irish Sea University of Liverpool (Joule Centre), December 2008. Tidal Power in the UK, Report 1 UK Tidal Resource Assessment – Metoc (for SDC), October 2007. Tidal Power in the UK, Report 5 UK Case Studies – AEA Energy & Environment (for SDC), October 2007. UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment. Variability of UK Marine Resources – Environmental Change Institute (for the Carbon Trust), July 2005. Ireland: The “Tidal and Current Energy Resource in Ireland” report by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) provides detailed information on the tidal range and current resource in Ireland and identifies a number of sites. - 42 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 23: Irish Tidal Current Resource Italy: In 2010-2011 a study has been undertaken by RDS in co-operation with the University of Milan-Bicocca Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden.. This study aims to evaluate, along the Italian coast, the amount of energy potentially derivable from marine currents and to find out the most promising sites for power generation. To get this purpose, the first step of research activities is to collect and organize the available environmental and current data, paying particular attention to those measured in coastal waters, and to evaluate them in terms of coherence with the general trend of the Mediterranean Sea. More precisely, the analysis of the data collected, together with environmental evaluation criteria, aims to select those areas which represent the greatest potential in terms of energy resources. The different phases of the methodology for assessing the energy potential from marine currents can be summarized as follows: Marine weather data collection; Assessment of current fields; - 43 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Simulation of the potential energy; Estimation of the environmental sustainability of investigated sites; The search of meteo-marine data has been led at regional level along the coastline, from the coasts of Veneto to those of Liguria, without omitting the two islands of Sicilia and Sardinia. At first, the research has been conducted on the web: the web sites of the regional environment agencies have been visited to verify the presence, distribution and typology of sea-meteo monitoring systems and data; further information has been collected from web sites related to national institutions and research centres such as CNR, ISMAR, OGS, IAMC, NODC, from portals such as that of the National Navy (Istituto Idrografico della Marina Militare) and from databases like ARCHIMEDE and MOON, Osservatorio Mareografico IDROMARE and Osservatorio Meteorologico EUROMETEO. At last, also private web sites have been investigated. Other: The following table outlines the sources of national tidal current data. Country Tidal Resource Source Belgium Meteorological Data available Ireland Marine Institute - Tidal and Current Energy Resources Report Netherlands Tidal Heights and Streams along Dutch Coast available annually Spain IDAE - Wave and Tidal Resource Interactive Map UK BERR UK Renewable Atlas 183 156,157 87 Table 8: Sources of National Tidal Current Resource data - 44 - 184 185 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 6 Sources of Other Relevant Data The following tables give national and European sources for relevant site selection data as uncovered during the course of the ORECCA Project. This data can be used to aid in more detailed resource and site selection studies. National Data Sources Country National Data Sources Denmark Other Users: Offshore Center Denmark France 186 Marine Protected Areas: French Marine Protected Areas Centre187 (Agence des aires marines protégées) Other Users: French Military188 (Ministère de la Defence) which may be able to provide information on military marine exercise areas. Ireland Marine Protected Areas: MIDA – Marine Irish Digital Atlas – Interactive Atlas with layers showing MPAs, access points, heritage areas, etc.189 and National Parks and Wildlife Services190 (NPWS) provides downloadable GIS data for designated protected areas. Geological Seabed Mapping: The INFOMAR programme191 is a joint venture between the Geological Survey of Ireland and the Marine Institute and is the successor to the Irish National Seabed Survey. Covering some 125,000 km² of Irelands most productive and commercially valuable inshore waters, INFOMAR will produce integrated mapping products192 covering the physical, chemical and biological features of the seabed. Bathymetry: Joint Irish Bathymetric Survey (JIBS)193 - The Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) lead the Project, approved under the INTERREG IIIA Programme, with the Marine Institute of Ireland as project partner and the Environment and Heritage Service, Department of the Environment (NI) as coordinators. The objective of the JIBS Project was to promote joint action to survey the seabed in such a way as to satisfy the needs of many organisations and to provide comprehensive multibeam bathymetry data over prioritised areas within the 3nm coastal strip between Donegal Bay and Dundalk Bay. Electricity Network: ESB Grid Infrastructure Interactive Map194 Italy High Voltage Electric Transmission grid195; Marine Protected Areas196; Other Users: Ministry of Defence197 Norway Portugal PEMAP GIS Database including circa 20 layers relevant for site selection (LNEG, Ministry of Economy), namely wave resource, MPAs, electrical grid and substations, military exercise areas, ports, shipyards, roads, bathymetry, seabed slope, geological composition of seabed and active seismic faults Spain Other Users: Spanish Military198 (Ministerio de Defensa) which may be able to provide information on military marine exercise areas UK Marine Protected Areas: UK Marine Protected Areas Centre199 provides an interactive - 45 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 webGIS of all MPAs in the UK. Users of the Sea: Scotlands Marine Atlas200 provides information on other users of the sea (fisheries, military, oil and gas, beaches etc) for Scottish waters Table 9: National: Relevant Data Sources European Data Sources Data European Data Source Marine Protected Areas EU MAIA Project201 – Marine Protected Areas in the Atlantic Arc – aims to share experiences about MPA management tools and to research methodologies to enhance stakeholder’s involvement in the MPA designation process. Consists of 9 major partners (public organisations and NGOs) from 4 countries: United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Portugal OSPAR Project202 Link to EU members Natura 2000 sites203 Natura 2000 sites on European Environment Agency website204 Electrical Grid Global Energy Network Institute (GENI)205, European Network of Transmission system operators (ENTSO-E)206 Ports World Shipping Register207 Other Users Fisheries: European Atlas of the Seas208 gives fisheries information and port locations for European coasts Shipping: ESA satellite data209 and Med Shipping: SAFEMED210 Oil and Gas Fields: US Geographical Society Map211 Seabed Habitats: EMODnet212 Geology MESH213 GEOSEAS214 Table 10: Europe: Relevant Data Sources - 46 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 7 GIS Development 7.1 Introduction Geographical Information Systems (GIS) allow the collecting and processing of geographic data/information with specific elaborations in order to supply easily understandable thematic maps. The data/information implemented in a GIS project can be stored using different data models (vector, raster, etc), file formats (feature classes, shape files or coverage) and datasets. Through the GIS interface they can be visualized as map themes or layers. The use of GIS for assessing offshore renewable energy potential has been in use for more than a decade215,216. Recent studies concerning offshore wind potential through GIS evaluations have been carried out for Denmark217, Portugal218 and Virginia219, for all of Europe220 and all of the U.S.A.221. Moreover a study from the University of Tuscia (Italy) concerns a GIS approach to the development of a “uses of the sea” map. This map supports the site selection for the installation of ocean energy converters along Italian coasts222. For the ORECCA project the GIS tool enabled the nature of the resource to be examined such that quantitative estimates on areas with certain resource levels, at different water depth and distance from shore intervals, could be directly queried. Such an analysis provided very useful information regarding how the available resource was divided and what would be the more likely technologies types (fixed or floating platforms) required for exploitation purposes. In addition the GIS contained other relevant information in graphical format, ports, grid network etc, which was used to identify suitable sites as well as potential bottlenecks and opportunities into the future. 7.2 Background When developing a GIS with the purpose of evaluating prospective developments of multi-purpose offshore platforms there are quite a number of factors that have to be taken into account. These factors typically have marked multidisciplinary characteristics, as can be seen from the following list: Energy resource characteristics; historical data, statistics and maps, resource atlases and field measurements. These have been described for the offshore European regions in the previous sections; Bathymetry, geomorphology includes water depth and features of the sea bottom, geological composition of the relevant seabed, seismic areas etc. Climate, extreme meteorological and climatic conditions to be considered for designing energy conversion devices, climate changes; Current state-of-the-art of technologies of commercially available or prototype devices for producing energy from wind, waves, tides, currents, and related foundations and/or moorings for installation at sea. Synergies between devices, activities, structures and infrastructures; Aspects related to infrastructures, such as ports, shipyards, production clusters, fleets of suitable ships and other craft for installation and maintenance of offshore plants; - 47 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Aspects of design, construction, operation and maintenance; Economic aspects; Environmental aspects; Landscape aspects; Aspects relating to constraints, rules, standards, legislation, permitting and financing; Uses of sea and MPS (Marine Spatial Planning); Social aspects, such as public’s acceptance, interaction with human activities such as tourism and fishing, creation of new jobs. The planning and development of an offshore renewable energy farm is thus a complicated process with inter-linkages between the factors listed above. For any development to proceed it is necessary for both the developer and regulator to be satisfied that certain criteria related to these parameters are satisfied The ORECCA project thus had a requirement to collect widely varied information and the starting point was the world-wide web. This source provided large amounts of useful data. However, only information that has been considered to be relevant, reliable and up-to-date has been selected and reported. Other information was obtained from exchanges between the ORECCA partners or by contacting external organisations. All data source locations will be referenced either in the traditional manner or by providing the relevant web address. It should be noted that websites are dynamic and that there is no guarantee that the reference will continue to exist into the future. The following sections describe the data sources, the GIS assembly as well as the rationale behind the various classifications that were used for the various relevant parameters. 7.3 Data Sources The following are the primary data sources that were used for the development of the GIS. 7.3.1 European Data Type Data Source Bathymetry GEBCO Bathymetry (30 arc-second grid- cell size: 0.008333° corresponding to 750 m x 900 m at Madeira latitude and to 820 m x 1600m at Iceland latitude)223 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) From Encyclopaedia of the Earth224,225 Countries EU-countries; EFTA countries; other countries from the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) 226 Population Cities population from the ESRI Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. Ports Location and draft of Ports from ships register227 and IWES ports database - 48 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Offshore Wave and Locations Database Tidal From IWES Fraunhofer Marine Protected Areas (MPA) From Protected Planet website228 and Natura 2000 sites from European Environment Agency229 Wind Speeds QuikScat annual mean wind speed map @10 m a.s.l. Risoe-DTU and Norwegian Meteorological Institute232) Wave Power OCEANOR average annual wave power map233 and Weratlas database234 (source INETI) Tidal Current Sites Tidal current sites from IWES Fraunhofer database and European tidal stream sites from ITPower database 230 231 , (Source: Table 11: European Wide Data Sources used in GIS Tool Figure 24: GEBCO bathymetry map of European seas 7.3.2 Regional Wind measurements from coastal stations and buoys in Mediterranean and Black Sea Area235; Mediterranean and Black Sea offshore wind farms database236; North Sea, Baltic Sea and Atlantic Ocean offshore wind farms database(source: IWES); - 49 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 7.3.3 National Italian Wind Atlas237 (source RSE); UK Marine Renewable Energy Resource Atlas238; Galicia information: bathymetry, ports, coastal infrastructures, coastal wind farms, coastal protected areas (source INEGA). 7.4 GIS Tool Assembly Three target areas/regions are considered in the ORECCA project (for boundaries see images in Section 2): North and Baltic Sea; Atlantic Ocean; Mediterranean and Black Sea. The information/data collected were in different formats therefore in order to perform quantitative analysis it was necessary to have a common reference grid for the representation of the layers involved in the calculation process. Calculations were performed using the following information: wind and wave resource; sea depth; distance from shore. The following steps describe how the data/information was prepared: WGS84 World Reference system was chosen; wind and availability maps: a grid with 0.25°x0.25° cell was built from provided databases with annual mean wind speed and data availability (no information on data availability is present for the Mediterranean and Black Sea Area) wind map grid was chosen as reference grid; Sea depth map: GEBCO bathymetry was recalculated on the reference grid and classified according 5 depth classes i.e. sea depth: 0-25m, 25-60m, 60-200m, 200-500m, greater than 500m (explained in section 7.5.1); distance from shore: 4 categories of distances were calculated from shoreline on the reference grid (0-50km, 50-100km, 100-150km, 150-200km, explained in section 7.5.2) wave map: interpolation was performed on the provided database using the “Natural Neighbour” method on the reference grid (details about the OCEANOR input point database are reported in the images of Section 4). - 50 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 7.5 GIS Classification Rationale and Initial Output 7.5.1 Bathymetry and Sea Bottom Morphology The water depth and the seabed morphology affect the choice of the type of foundations and consequently the related costs. For 0-25m water depth (“shallow waters”) fixed foundations such as mono-piles or gravity foundations can be installed. For 25-60m water depth (“transitional waters”) the more novel jacket, tripod or suction bucket foundations are more suitable. For deeper waters, floating systems are required but these are still not at a commercial stage of development239,240. To get a preliminary indication of the areas where the different technologies could be installed, four classes of sea depth have then been defined for the GIS, two of which refer to fixed turbine foundations (shallow waters 0-25m and transitional waters 25-60m, as already stated and two (60-200m and 200-500m, respectively) require floating support platforms of different characteristics. Figure 25: Classification of water depths (bathymetry) as a function of applicable types of foundation (Image courtesy of RSE) Bathymetry maps from the GEBCO site223 were downloaded for the GIS. The map shown in Figure 24, provides isobathic lines for the whole of Europe, has a resolution of 30 arc seconds. This data was used to provide maps for the four classes of bathymetry in each of the three geographical regions and are shown in - 51 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 26 to Figure 28. These plots also show the Economic Exclusion Zones (EEZ) for each of the countries in the three regions. Other information on sea bottom and seabed conditions cannot be determined but is available from nautical charts. Although an analysis of these depths will be carried out in a later section it can be seen that there can be fundamental differences both within and between regions regarding the bathymetry profiles. Figure 26: North and Baltic Sea Bathymetry map using depth classifications (source RSE) - 52 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 27: Mediterranean and Black Seas Bathymetry map using depth classifications (source RSE) - 53 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 28: Atlantic Ocean Bathymetry map using depth classifications (source RSE) - 54 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 7.5.2 Distance from Shore The distance from shore is a parameter that can have different influences on the feasibility of a proposed development. If located further offshore there is a reduction in visual impacts, but the costs and power losses of lines connecting plants with on-land electrical grids increase. A number of countries do not typically allow wind farms to be located within 25km of the shoreline. Currently s offshore wind farms are mainly located within 50 km from shore, but a significant number are now planned for distances up to 100km. Some announcements of installation of offshore wind farms up to 200 km from shore have been reported241,242. Considering the timeframe of the project, it was decided that for the purposes of the analysis 200km from shore would be the outer limit for offshore developments. Inside of this limit the distances would be divided into the following categories as calculated from the shoreline on the reference grid; 0-50km, 50100km, 100-150km and 150-200km. Figure 29 to Figure 31 show the extent of these regions for the three geographical regions. Figure 29: North and Baltic Seas: Distances from Shore Buffer Zones in GIS (Source: RSE) - 55 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 30: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Distances from Shore Buffer Zones in GIS (Source: RSE) - 56 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 31: Atlantic Ocean: Distances from Shore Buffer Zones in GIS (Source: RSE) - 57 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 7.5.3 Seismic Activity Specific to the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, an important aspect to be considered is seismic activity, which can cause earthquakes and sea-quakes (tsunami). An indicative map relating to Europe is shown in Figure 32. Figure 32: Map of seismic activity in Europe 7.5.4 243 Environmental Aspects There are some websites from which available databases and maps covering zones belonging to the network of Natura 2000244 and Marine Protected Areas245 can be downloaded. These data bases are not complete in some marine areas/states and need to be supplemented with locally available information. In this respect, a useful data collection is available66. Useful EU Guidance on wind energy development in accordance with the EU nature legislation has been recently published246. The installation of offshore wind farms could in principle be considered for marine protected areas but appropriate assessment of its implications would need to be made and dedicated mitigation measures applied. For wave and tidal current development, environmental studies are ongoing, as few devices have thus far been installed. Some examples of specific studies are available247,248 e.g. a very recent study gives some positive and negative impacts on the environment249. Gathering full information on Marine Protected Areas (MPA) is very important and for the purposes of ORECCA the MPA map and the Natura2000 sites map were used. Figure 33 to Figure 35 show the MPA maps for the three geographical regions. - 58 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 33: North and Baltic Seas: MPA Map from GIS (Source: RSE) Figure 34: Mediterranean and Black Seas: MPA Map from GIS (Source: RSE) - 59 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 . Figure 35 – Atlantic Ocean: MPA Map from GIS (Source: RSE) - 60 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 7.5.5 Ports The location and characteristics of sea ports that can accommodate ships and other facilities for transport, assembly and installation of offshore renewable energy platforms can heavily affect the local/regional suitability for exploiting the relevant offshore renewable resources. It is likely that the nature and capacity of ports in a given region will need to change to accommodate the nature of activities that are required to sustain an offshore renewable energy industry. It is possible that in each country certain large ports will become hubs for the manufacture and installation of devices whilst others will be important for operation and maintenance purposes. At the 2nd ORECCA Workshop in The Hague, 7-8th June 2011, a minimum required port draft for installation of offshore renewable energy projects was identified to be 10-15m by the infrastructure discussion group. The GIS used the e-ship website (Ports250) and the IWES Ports database to collect information on ports and then filtered these to those with a minimum of 10m draft. These ports for the three geographical regions are shown in Figure 36 to Figure 38. Figure 36: North and Baltic Seas: All Ports Map from GIS (Source: RSE) - 61 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 37: Mediterranean and Black Seas Region: All Ports Map from GIS (Source: RSE) - 62 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 38: Atlantic Ocean Region: All Ports Map from GIS (Source: RSE) - 63 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 7.5.6 Cities Large population centres are important both for providing outlets for the generated energy and as a base for companies and staff working in the renewables sector. For the ORECCA GIS, cities with populations in excess of 50,000 as obtained from the ESRI were included (Figure 39 to Figure 41). Figure 39: North and Black Seas: Cities GIS Map (Source: RSE) - 64 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 40: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Cities GIS Map (Source: RSE) - 65 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 41: Atlantic Ocean: Cities GIS Map (Source: RSE) - 66 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 7.5.7 Electrical grid The structure of existing electrical grids has to be considered for short-term scenarios, but in the longerterm, depending on the scale of offshore renewable developments, dedicated offshore grids are likely to be required. There is also the possibility that storage of energy produced offshore, through pumping of water into large reservoirs, may also become a feasible option on a large scale basis in order to overcome fluctuations in farm output. This has already been considered for the North Sea area251. The European electrical grid map as produced by the Global Energy Network Institute (GENI252) has been used in the GIS. Figure 42: European High Voltage Transmission Grid - 67 - 253 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 7.5.8 Uses of the Sea The possible conflicts rising from the partial or total overlapping of different uses of the sea in the same area has to be considered. In particular offshore renewable energy production can be seen as a “new” use of the sea. Typical “traditional” uses of the sea are fishing and navigation254 however also include military and materials dredging. Considering Figure 43 to Figure 45, it can be seen that currently there are a large number of offshore renewable projects in Europe existing and in the immediate future. Figure 43: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Offshore Renewable Projects GIS Map (Source: RSE) - 68 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 44: North and Baltic Seas: Offshore Renewable Projects GIS Map (Source: RSE) - 69 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Figure 45: Atlantic Ocean: Offshore Renewable Projects GIS Map (Source: RSE) - 70 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 7.6 Input Data 7.6.1 Calculation mask Areas suitable for technical installation of offshore multipurpose platforms for energy production have been found by combining information about wind technology sea depths and distance to shore in each geographical region. Water depth less than 500m and distance to shore between 25 and 200 km have been considered, as explained in section 7.5.1 and 7.5.2. Cells with no data value in the resource maps have also been excluded. 7.6.2 Wind Resource Scenarios Areas suitable for installation of offshore multipurpose platforms with wind energy were found by combining the calculation mask with wind resource map. Two resource levels have been adopted: Wind Resource Level GIS Scenario Wind Speed Range (m/s) Level 2 V2 Greater than 8m/s (at 10m a.s.l.) Level 1 V1 6-8m/s (at 10m a.s.l.) Table 12: Annual Average Wind Speed Levels used in GIS 7.6.3 Wave Resource Scenarios Areas suitable for installation of offshore multipurpose platforms with wave energy were found by combining the calculation mask with the wave resource map. Three levels of annual average wave power have been adopted: Wave Resource Level GIS Scenario Wave Power Range (kW/m) Level 3 W3 Greater than 25kW/m Level 2 W2 15-25kW/m Level 1 W1 5-15kW/m Table 13: Annual Average Wave Power Levels used in GIS 7.6.4 Combined Resource Scenarios Areas suitable for installation of offshore multipurpose platforms for energy production from combined wind and wave resource were found by combining the calculation mask with information about both wind and wave resource. For wind and wave combined resource, six scenarios have been considered: - 71 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Level GIS Scenario Wind Wave Wind Velocity (m/s) Wind Resource Level Wave Power (kW/m) Wave Resource Level Level 6 Scenario v2-w3 Greater than 8m/s Level 2 Greater than 25kW/m Level 3 Level 5 Scenario v2-w2 Greater than 8m/s Level 2 15-25kW/m Level 2 Level 4 Scenario v2-w1 Greater than 8m/s Level 2 5-15kW/m Level 1 Level 3 Scenario v1-w3 6-8m/s Level 1 Greater than 25kW/m Level 3 Level 2 Scenario v1-w2 6-8m/s Level 1 15-25kW/m Level 2 Level 1 Scenario v1_w1 6-8m/s Level 1 5-15kW/m Level 1 Table 14: Combined Offshore Renewable Resource: GIS Scenarios Tidal information has also been added to the combined wind and wave scenarios. The individual tidal sites are very small relative to the geographical region, therefore in order to make the areas more distinguishable circles have been added around the tidal sites. The maps, created with the GIS, for each region include: Defined Region (total area included in the analysis as defined by ORECCA Project) Calculation/Analysis Mask Area (i.e. including distance from shore and water depth limitations) Sea depth Distance from shore Ports Cities MPA (Marine Protected Areas) Existing offshore renewable power plants Mean annual wind speed Average annual wave power Wind Resource Levels 1-2, as outlined above Wave Resource Levels 1-3, as outlined above Combined Wind + Wave Resource Scenarios (Levels 1-6), as outlined above. The areas with wind & wave combined resources have been calculated for each class of water depth and distance from shore. Calculated areas versus water depth and distance from shore are reported in Section 8 Data Analysis. For all measurements of areas the WGS84 UTM32 coordinate reference system has been used. - 72 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 8 Data Analysis The following section provides the result tables and analysis from the GIS tool scenarios. Table 15 and Table 16 below give the sea surface area with a given resource level available in each region. The “total available area” figure in Table 15 is the total area that falls within the limits of 25-200km from shore and 0-500m water depth and is not the total sea surface area in a region. It is evident that the Atlantic and the North Sea have the greatest available area which meets the depth and distance to shore criteria. The Atlantic has the greatest area available with the highest combined resource level (level 6), 72% of its area is in this category. The region has 91% of its total area in the highest wave level (w3) and 76% in the highest wind level (v2). In comparison, all of the available area in the Mediterranean and Black Seas region has a low wave resource (w1) and 93% of it has the lower wind resource (v1). The North and Baltic Seas region has two-thirds of its area in the higher wind level (v2) however half of its area is in the lowest wave level (w1). Atlantic SCENARIO km Total available area* 2 Med & Black Sea (%) km 2 North & Baltic Sea (%) km 2 (%) 566,561 100 200,253 100 599,721 100 Level 6 408,790 72 0 0 198,592 33 Level 5 16,326 3 0 0 75,602 13 Level 4 7,149 1 13,890 7 117,592 20 Level 3 108,509 19 0 0 15,663 3 Level 2 7,086 1 0 0 4,202 1 Level 1 18,701 3 186,363 93 188,070 31 *within distance from shore limits of 25 - 200 Km and water depth limit of less than 500m Table 15: Available sea area for a combined resource level in each geographical region Available Area (km2) Atlantic km2 Med & Black Sea km2 (%) North & Baltic km2 (%) (%) WAVE Level 3 (w3) >25kW/m 517,301 91 0 0 214,254 36 Level 2 (w2) 15-25kW/m 23,413 4 0 0 79,804 13 Level 1 (w1) 5-15kW/m 25,850 5 200,254 100 305,661 51 WIND Level 2 (v2) >8m/s 432,266 76 13,890 7 391,786 65 Level 1 (v1) 6-8m/s 134,298 24 186,364 93 207,933 35 Table 16: Available sea area for each wave scenario and each wind scenario in each geographical region - 73 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Table 17 below gives the percentage number of tidal sites which fall within given distances from shore for each of the 3 geographical regions. It is evident that the majority of the tidal sites; 100% of Atlantic, 100% of Med & Black Seas and 92% North and Baltic Seas; fall within 20km distance from shore and 83%, 94% and 56%, respectively, fall within 10km from shore. Distance from Shore Atlantic Med & Black Sea North & Baltic % Number of Tidal Sites Less than 10km 83% 94% 56% Less than 15km 11% 3% 20% Less than 20km 6% 3% 16% Less than 25km 0% 0% 4% Less than 30km 0% 0% 4% Table 17: Percentage of tidal sites falling within certain distances from shore - 74 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 8.1 North and Baltic Seas The highest combined resource level (level 6) covers one third of the available area in the North and Baltic Seas. This is concentrated in the North of the region off the coasts of Norway and Scotland. It is in this area that the long fetch of the Atlantic has the greatest influence. Moving south in the region, the wave resource decreases visibly (Figure 46) while the wind resource remains in the higher level for much of the region with the exception of the sheltered eastern English coastline and the Baltic Sea. Figure 46: North and Baltic Seas: Combined Wind and Wave Resource Map The following table and graph give the sea areas in km2 available for all resource levels that fall within set distance from shore and water depth ranges. - 75 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 Total North and Baltic Seas Region Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m Distance from Shore 60-200m Area km 200-500m Total 2 25-50km 22,394 44,477 47,802 16,773 131,446 50-100km 18,382 58,878 112,083 37,728 227,071 100-150km 4,111 39,796 64,628 34,561 143,096 150-200km 2,724 33,697 32,245 29,440 98,106 47,611 176,848 256,758 118,502 599,719 Total Table 18: North and Baltic Seas: Summary of sea areas North & Baltic Sea: 0-25 25-60 Sea Surface Area at a given water depth range 60-200 200-500 Sea Area (km 2 ) 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore Range (km) 150 - 200 Figure 47: North and Baltic Seas: Summary of available sea areas The distance from shore range with the greatest available area is the 50-100km range with 227,071km2 or 38% of the total area. Likewise the water depth range 60-200m is the most commonly occurring with 256,758km2 or 43%. Only 47,611km2 or 8% of the total area is in the current offshore wind technology water depth range of 0-25m. As this region has the largest number of offshore wind farms in the world, it is likely that this area will soon become saturated. A much larger area of 176,848km2 is available in the transition depth range of 25-60m however more than double this area (375,260km2) is available in the floating depth range. The following tables and graphs will give more insight into the water depth and distance from shore areas available at given combined resource levels. - 76 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 1 - Wind: 6-8m/s, Wave: 5-15kW/m The majority of the level 1 combined resource occurs in the Baltic Sea and East coast of England (see Figure 46) which represents 188,068km2 or 31% of the total available area in the region. It can be seen from Table 19 and Figure 48 below that within this Level 1 category the most frequently occurring water depths are 2560m and 60-200m and the distance from shore range of 50-100km. The most frequently occurring combination of water depth and distance from shore is 60-200m at 50100km with 42,216km2 or 22% of the total Level 1 resource area. RESOURCE LEVEL 1 – Wind Level 1 (6-8m/s) & Wave Level 1 (5-15kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m 60-200m 200-500m Total Area km2 Distance from Shore 25-50km 6,650 24,671 9,724 3,258 44,303 50-100km 9,842 28,594 42,216 2,453 83,105 100-150km 2,762 15,923 25,167 423 44,275 150-200km 2,724 13,215 446 0 16,385 21,978 82,403 77,553 6,134 188,068 Total Table 19: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas Sea Area (km 2 ) North & Baltic Sea: Resource Level 1 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 Sea Surface Area at a given water depth range 25 - 50 0-25 60-200 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore Range (km) Figure 48: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas - 77 - 25-60 200-500 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 2 - Wind: 6-8m/s, Wave: 15-25kW/m Most of the Level 2 combined resource area available in this region falls in the 25-50km from shore category and 25-60m water depth with 2,068km2 followed by 50-100km distance and 60-200m water depth with 1,545km2. It should be noted that the total area available at this resource level, 4,202km 2, is almost negligible in comparison to the total area available in this region 599,721km2 and equates to 1% of the total area. RESOURCE LEVEL 2 – Wind Level 1 (6-8m/s) & Wave Level 2 (15-25kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m Distance from Shore 60-200m Area km 200-500m Total 2 25-50km 0 2068 296 293 2,657 50-100km 0 0 1,545 0 1,545 100-150km 0 0 0 0 0 150-200km 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0 2,068 1,841 293 4,202 Table 20: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 2 summary of sea areas Sea Area (km 2 ) 2500 North & Baltic Sea: Resource Level 2 0-25 25-60 Sea Surface Area at a given water depth range 60-200 200-500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore Range (km) Figure 49: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 2 summary of sea areas - 78 - 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 3 - Wind: 6-8m/s, Wave: greater than 25kW/m The level 3 combined resource is available in an area of 15,663km2 or 3% of the total area in the region. Most of the available area has a water depth of 60-200m with 9,938km2 or 63% of the Level 3 available area. In this case the higher wave resource level appears to occur in the shorter distances from shore ranges which have water depths of 60-200m and 200-500m. This resource level is mainly concentrated in Northern Norway and northern coast of France where the English Channel bounds the Atlantic Ocean (see Figure 46). RESOURCE LEVEL 3 – Wind Level 1 (6-8m/s) & Wave Level 3 (greater than 25kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m Distance from Shore 60-200m Area km 200-500m Total 2 25-50km 0 0 5,471 2,979 8,450 50-100km 0 0 4,467 2,746 7,213 100-150km 0 0 0 0 0 150-200km 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0 0 9,938 5,725 15,663 Table 21: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 3 summary of sea areas North & Baltic Sea: Resource Level 3 Sea Area (km 2 ) 6000 Sea Surface Area at a given water depth range 0-25 60-200 25-60 200-500 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore Range (km) Figure 50: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 3 summary of sea areas - 79 - 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 4 - Wind: greater than 8m/s, Wave: 5-15kW/m Level 4 indicates the lower wave resource and higher wind resource levels and represents 117,593km2 or 20% of the total area in the region. Based on Figure 46 above, it can be seen that this resource level primarily occurs in the lower parts of the North Sea along the coasts of Denmark, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. It can be seen that the shallower water depths dominate as do the closer distances to shore with the most frequently occurring water depth in the 25-60m range and distance from shore 50-100km. This area is very suited to current offshore wind technologies in that there is minimum wave loading due to the low resource and the water depth is suitable for these technologies. This is supported by the numerour offshore wind farms in this area of the North Sea. RESOURCE LEVEL 4 – Wind Level 2 (greater than 8m/s) & Wave Level 1 (5-15kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m Distance from Shore 60-200m Area km 200-500m Total 2 25-50km 15,099 17,009 4,213 416 36,737 50-100km 8,540 27,715 9,042 828 46,125 100-150km 1,349 17,556 5,253 0 24,158 150-200km 0 5,767 4,806 0 10,573 24,988 68,047 23,314 1,244 117,593 Total Table 22: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas North & Baltic Sea: Resource Level 4 0-25 25-60 Sea Surface Area at a given water depth range 60-200 200-500 Sea Area (km 2 ) 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore Range (km) Figure 51: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas - 80 - 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 5 - Wind: greater than 8m/s, Wave: 15-25kW/m The Level 5 primarily occurs in as a gradation between the high Level 6 combined resource in the north and the much reduced wave resource in the south. It represents 13% of the total area or 75,602km 2 and the primary water depth range is 60-200m. The distribution of this resource level shows that the shallower water depths occur offshore while the deeper water depths are occurring close to shore, seen in Figure 52 below. RESOURCE LEVEL 5 – Wind Level 2 (greater than 8m/s) & Wave Level 2 (15-25kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m Distance from Shore 60-200m Area km 200-500m Total 2 25-50km 0 0 4,052 5,312 9,364 50-100km 0 843 17,758 4,033 22,634 100-150km 0 5,943 12,049 0 17,992 150-200km 0 14,715 10,897 0 25,612 Total 0 21,501 44,756 9,345 75,602 Table 23: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 5 summary of sea areas North & Baltic Sea: Resource Level 5 0-25 25-60 Sea Surface Area at a given water depth range 60-200 200-500 Sea Area (km 2 ) 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore Range (km) Figure 52: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 5 summary of sea areas - 81 - 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 6 - Wind: greater than 8m/s, Wave: greater than 25kW/m This area, with level 6 combined resource, accounts for one third of the available area in the region or 198,591km2. It occurs solely in the north of the region between the coasts of Scotland and Norway. As is to be expected with this location, the deeper water depths are the most present with the 60-200m and 200500m ranges providing 99,356km2 and 95,761km2 respectively which equates to 98% of the total Level 6 area. RESOURCE LEVEL 6 – Wind Level 2 (greater than 8m/s) & Wave Level 3 (greater than 25kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m Distance from Shore 25-50km 60-200m Area km 200-500m Total 2 645 729 24,046 4,515 29,935 50-100km 0 1,726 37,055 27,668 66,449 100-150km 0 374 22,159 34,138 56,671 150-200km 0 0 16,096 29,440 45,536 645 2,829 99,356 95,761 198,591 Total Sea Area (km 2 ) Table 24: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 6 summary of sea areas 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 6 0-25 25-60 Sea Surface Area at a given water depth range 60-200 200-500 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore Range (km) Figure 53: North and Baltic Seas: Resource Level 6 summary of sea areas - 82 - 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 8.2 Atlantic Ocean The whole Atlantic coastline has a minimum wave power of 25kW/m with the higher wind resource level in the north of the region and the lower in the south. The sheltered Irish Sea and southern Spain are the only areas with a low wave resource. Therefore in terms of site selection there are numerous potential combined sites based on simply resource. It is evident from the calculation mask area that there are shallower waters available in the north of the region while the coasts of Spain and Portugal have water depths greater than 500m close to shore. Figure 54: Atlantic Ocean: Combined Wind and Wave Resource Map The following table and graph give the sea areas in km2 available for all resource levels that fall within set distance from shore and water depth ranges. - 83 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 It is evident from Table 25 that most of the available area in the region is in the 60-200m water depth range with 365,110km2 or 64% of the total area. This implies that the most suitable technology for this region will be floating as only 3% of the area is within the 0-60m water depth range. With regards distance from shore, the area is quite evenly distributed between 25km and 150km from shore, with 198,262km 2 within 50100km from shore. Total Atlantic Ocean Region Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m 60-200m 200-500m Total Area km2 Distance from Shore 25-50km 1,910 9,807 97,808 24,129 133,654 50-100km 1,467 1,101 136,892 58,802 198,262 100-150km 538 0 83,267 55,208 139,013 150-200km 0 0 47,143 48,492 95,635 3,915 10,908 365,110 186,631 566,564 Total Sea Area (km 2 ) Table 25: Atlantic Ocean: Summary of sea areas 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 Atlantic Ocean: Sea surface area at a given water depth range 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore (km) 0-25 60-200 25-60 200-500 150 - 200 Figure 55: Atlantic Ocean: Summary of available sea areas The following tables and graphs will give more insight into the water depth and distance from shore areas available at given combined resource levels. - 84 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 1 - Wind: 6-8m/s, Wave: 5-15kW/m The Level 1 combined resource accounts for 3% of the Atlantic region with 18,701km 2; 11,270km2 of this is in the 25-60m water depth. Based on Figure 54 above it is evident that much of this area is in the Irish Sea rather than the Atlantic seaboard. RESOURCE LEVEL 1 – Wind Level 1 (6-8m/s) & Wave Level 1 (5-15kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m 200-500m Total Area km2 Distance from Shore 25-50km 60-200m 480 2,376 6,947 1,306 11,109 50-100km 0 0 4,323 3,269 7,592 100-150km 0 0 0 0 0 150-200km 0 0 0 0 0 480 2,376 11,270 4,575 18,701 Total Sea Area (km 2 ) Table 26: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 1 0-25 Sea surface area at a given water depth range 60-200 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore (km) Figure 56: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas - 85 - 25-60 200-500 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 2 - Wind: 6-8m/s, Wave: 15-25kW/m The level 2 resource, much like the level 1 resource above, is primarily concentrated in the sheltered Irish Sea area and southern Spain. It contributes 7,087km2 or 1% of the total combined resource area in the region. The majority of this falls within the 200-500m water depth range and is evenly distributed between the 25-50km and 50-100km distance from shore ranges. RESOURCE LEVEL 2 – Wind Level 1 (6-8m/s) & Wave Level 2 (15-25kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m 60-200m 200-500m Total Area km2 Distance from Shore 25-50km 0 1,642 657 1,306 3,605 50-100km 0 553 0 2,929 3,482 100-150km 0 0 0 0 0 150-200km 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,195 657 4,235 7,087 Total Sea Area (km 2 ) Table 27: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 2 summary of sea areas 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 2 Sea surface area at a given water depth range 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore (km) Figure 57: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 2 summary of sea areas - 86 - 0-25 60-200 25-60 200-500 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 3 - Wind: 6-8m/s, Wave: greater than 25kW/m The Atlantic coasts of France, Spain and Portugal have primarily a Level 3 combined resource level, indicating a lower wind speed level and the highest wave power level. It accounts for 19% (108,510 km 2) of the total combined resource area in the region. Of this, 65% (70,874km2) falls within the 60-200m water depth range which is relatively evenly distributed amongst the 25-50km and 50-100km distances from shore. This is to be expected, as the bathymetry is particularly deep along the Spanish and Portuguese coastline and relatively deep waters occur close to shore. It is likely that the 24,584km 2 and 12,273km2 available in the 100-150km and 150-200km distances from shore zones respectively, are located primarily off the coast of France. RESOURCE LEVEL 3 – Wind Level 1 (6-8m/s) & Wave Level 3 (greater than 25kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m 60-200m 200-500m Total Area km2 Distance from Shore 25-50km 539 2,720 20,383 10,729 34,371 50-100km 547 548 24,780 11,407 37,282 100-150km 538 0 16,382 7,664 24,584 150-200km 0 0 9,329 2,944 12,273 1,624 3,268 70,874 32,744 108,510 Total Table 28: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 3 summary of sea areas Sea Area (km 2 ) 30000 Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 3 Sea surface area at a given water depth range 0-25 60-200 25-60 200-500 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore (km) Figure 58: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 3 summary of sea areas - 87 - 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 4 - Wind: greater than 8m/s, Wave: 5-15kW/m The level 4 combined resource contributes 1% of the total combined resource area in the Atlantic region. As with Level 1 and 2 this is a low wave resource level and as such is concentrated in the sheltered area of the Irish Sea. All of this area is in the 25-200m water depth range and 25-100kms from shore with more than 80% in the 25-50km zone or 60-200m water depth. RESOURCE LEVEL 4 – Wind Level 2 (greater than 8m/s) & Wave Level 1 (5-15kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m Distance from Shore 60-200m Area km 200-500m Total 2 25-50km 0 1,423 4,765 0 6,188 50-100km 0 0 961 0 961 100-150km 0 0 0 0 0 150-200km 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,423 5,726 0 7,149 Total Table 29: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas Sea Area (km 2 ) 6000 Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 4 Sea surface area at a given water depth range 0-25 60-200 25-60 200-500 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore (km) Figure 59: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas - 88 - 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 5 - Wind: greater than 8m/s, Wave: 15-25kW/m All of the level 5 resource is in the 60-200m water depth and within 100kms from shore. It is located in southern Ireland and England where the greater resource in the Atlantic meets the low resource of the Irish Sea. It accounts for 3% of the total resource. RESOURCE LEVEL 5 – Wind Level 2 (greater than 8m/s) & Wave Level 2 (15-25kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m 60-200m 200-500m Total Area km2 Distance from Shore 25-50km 0 0 7,960 0 7,960 50-100km 0 0 8,366 0 8,366 100-150km 0 0 0 0 0 150-200km 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0 0 16,326 0 16,326 Sea Area (km 2 ) Table 30: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 5 summary of sea areas 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 5 0-25 Sea surface area at a given water depth range 60-200 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore (km) Figure 60: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 5 summary of sea areas - 89 - 25-60 200-500 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 6 - Wind: greater than 8m/s, Wave: greater than 25kW/m The area with a combined resource level 6, accounts for 72% of the available area in the region, or a total of 408,791km2. It is found in the Northern part of the region around the Atlantic coasts of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland and southern England. The bathymetry here is less than 500m at greater than 200km from shore due to the continental shelf. Therefore in this part of the region the area is likely to be restricted by the distance from shore limit rather than the water depth limit as in the south of the region. Up to 99% of the available level 6 area is in greater than 60m water depth indicating that for this region, floating combined technologies will be necessary to harness the full potential of the wind and wave resource. RESOURCE LEVEL 6 – Wind Level 2 (greater than 8m/s) & Wave Level 3 (greater than 25kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m 60-200m 200-500m Total Area km2 Distance from Shore 25-50km 891 1,646 57,096 10,788 70,421 50-100km 920 0 98,462 41,197 140,579 100-150km 0 0 66,885 47,544 114,429 150-200km 0 0 37,814 45,548 83,362 1,811 1,646 260,257 145,077 408,791 Total Table 31: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 6 summary of sea areas 120000 Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 6 Sea surface area at a given water depth range 0-25 60-200 25-60 200-500 Sea Area (km 2 ) 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore (km) Figure 61: Atlantic Ocean: Resource Level 6 summary of sea areas - 90 - 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 8.3 Mediterranean and Black Seas Due to the water depth of the Mediterranean and Black sea basins, the calculation mask is much less than the actual sea surface area of the region due to the 500m maximum water depth limitation. The area is then further reduced to 200,253km2 when the caveat is applied that there must be both a wind resource and a minimum wave resource of 5kW/m. This is less than half the area of the other 2 regions which also have a greater wave resource. As a sheltered sea of small fetch, there is generally a very low or no wave resource in the region. Therefore the combined resource levels in this region are confined to Level 1 or Level 4 which have the 5-15kW/m wave resource. Figure 62: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Combined Wind and Wave Resource Map The following tables and graphs will give more insight into the water depth and distance from shore areas available at given combined resource levels. - 91 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 It can be seen in Table 32 and Figure 63 below that a large proportion (94%) of the available area is in waters deeper than 60m. Similar to the Atlantic region, it is likely that floating technologies will be required to harness offshore renewable energy in this region. The available area with a combined resource is evenly distributed between 25-50km and 50-100km however as to be expected in a region with very deep water the area available reduces significantly with distances greater than 100km from shore. Total Mediterranean and Black Seas Region Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m Distance from Shore 25-50km 60-200m Area km 200-500m Total 2 0 4,010 27,666 36,393 68,069 634 4,442 20,653 39,700 65,429 100-150km 0 2,536 9,527 27,239 39,302 150-200km 0 633 10,817 16,004 27,454 634 11,621 68,663 119,336 200,254 50-100km Total Table 32: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Summary of sea areas Sea Area (km 2 ) Mediterranean and Black Seas: Sea surface area at a given water depth range 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore )km) Figure 63: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Summary of available sea areas - 92 - 0-25 60-200 25-60 200-500 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 1 - Wind: 6-8m/s, Wave: 5-15kW/m As evident in Figure 62 above, the level 1 resource is primarily located on the southern side of the basin around the African coastline and the coast of Sicily. The level 1 resource is the dominant level in this region with 93% of the sea surface area or 186,363km2; 60% of this is in water depth of 200-500m and 65% is within 100km from shore. RESOURCE LEVEL 1 – Wind Level 1 (6-8m/s) & Wave Level 1 (5-15kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m 200-500m Total Area km2 Distance from Shore 25-50km 60-200m 0 4,010 24,136 32,662 60,808 634 4,442 17,683 37,299 60,058 100-150km 0 2,536 9,527 27,239 39,302 150-200km 0 633 10,187 15,376 26,196 634 11,621 61,533 112,576 186,364 50-100km Total Table 33: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas Sea Area (km 2 ) Mediterranean and Black Seas: Resource Level 1 Sea surface area at a given water depth range 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 25 - 50 0-25 60-200 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore (km) Figure 64: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Resource Level 1 summary of sea areas - 93 - 25-60 200-500 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 LEVEL 4 - Wind: greater than 8m/s, Wave: 5-15kW/m Level 4 indicates the higher wind resource level of greater than 8m/s combined with the lower wave resource. It represents 7% of the available combined resource area in the Mediterranean and Black Seas region and is centred in 2 primary locations; the south coast of France and the east coast of Greece in the Aegean Sea. All of this resource level is in water depths greater than 60m and the majority (91%) is within 100km from shore. RESOURCE LEVEL 4 – Wind Level 2 (greater than 8m/s) & Wave Level 1 (5-15kW/m) Water Depth 0-25m 25-60m 60-200m 200-500m Total Area km2 Distance from Shore 25-50km 0 0 3,530 3,731 7,261 50-100km 0 0 2,970 2,401 5,371 100-150km 0 0 0 0 0 150-200km 0 0 630 628 1,258 0 0 7,130 6,760 13,890 Total Table 34: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas Sea Area (km 2 ) Mediterranean and Black Seas: Resource Level 4 Sea surface area at a given water depth range 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 25 - 50 0-25 60-200 50 - 100 100 - 150 Distance from Shore )km) Figure 65: Mediterranean and Black Seas: Resource Level 4 summary of sea areas - 94 - 25-60 200-500 150 - 200 Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 9 Conclusions The GIS tool used in the ORECCA project used primarily OCEANOR wave resource data and Quikscat wind resource data. The resolution of this data is 25km x 25km grid and therefore it should be noted that it is not of suitable resolution to support a commercial site selection decision and is not well resolved close to shore. The resource scenarios used in the GIS tool are designed to highlight the regions with the highest resource in order to target the areas with the greatest suitability to combined offshore renewable projects. It is important not to disregard the other areas as some technologies may be specifically suited to or designed for the more benign resource climate. However the areas highlighted by this document are capable of providing the most significant contribution from combined offshore renewable energy. The analysis of the results from the GIS queries clearly emphasise the great potential in each of the 3 regions for floating combined technologies for wind and wave energy with 98% of the North Sea level 6 resource and 99% of the Atlantic level 6 resource in 60-500m water depth within a reasonable distance from shore (less than 200km). The Mediterranean region too will benefit from floating technologies to harness its wind resource in deeper waters. It is evident from the analysis that the North and Baltic Seas and the Atlantic Ocean regions have a far greater potential for combined offshore wind and wave technologies. A key recommendation for these regions is the development of local and national grid in the west of Ireland, Scotland and Norway. The Mediterranean and Black Seas, being almost enclosed basins, have much lower wave resource however it is possible that this low resource could be a benefit for scaled test sites or for the less robust, technologies. The low resolution of the GIS data close to shore also means that it is possible that the nearshore wave resource in this region may be suitable for onshore or nearshore wave technologies however further studies would need to be carried out to determine this. Tidal sites are primarily in northern Europe with a few sites also in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, are very specifically located due to the nature of the resource but the potential for energy production can be quite high. This document has not produced a resource assessment for these sites and has simply considered all sites with greater than 1.75m/s current equally suitable. It is recommended that a European wide tidal current resource assessment and atlas is produced in order to fully assess the potential for combined wind and tidal current projects in Europe. Many tidal sites also have a high wind resource and thus there is a potential for combined tidal current and wind resource projects. A likely issue with combined wind and tidal is the proximity of these tidal sites to shore which may raise planning and visibility issues. A typical planning restriction on distance from shore for offshore wind farms is 20km and it is evident from the analysis in section 8 that the majority of the tidal sites (100% of Atlantic, 100% of Med & Black Seas and 92% North and Baltic Seas) fall within this distance from shore. It is therefore evident that - 95 - Resource Data and GIS Tool for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects in Europe Results of the FP7 ORECCA Project Work Package 2 the combination of offshore wind and tidal current may not have a high potential for development as long as this constraint is in place. It should be noted however that tidal current technologies alone do not tend to pose a threat to seascape and this type of planning restriction should not apply. 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