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Name:________________________ Science 14 Chapter 8 Structure and Function of Plant and Animal Cells 1 The Microscope Use the terms below to label the parts of the microscope. Check each part of the microscope that has a blank line attached. Label the microscope by printing the correct name of the part on the line. arm base coarse-adjustment knob diaphragm eyepiece fine-adjustment knob high-power objective lens light source low-power objective lens revolving nosepiece stage stage clips tube 2 Microscope Word Challenge Use the clues to fill in the blanks below. The letters in the boxes spell the name of a piece of magnifying equipment. What is it? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Piece of magnifying equipment: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Clues 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. equipment used to examine specimens at 100X or more often used to study the internal organs of lab specimens improved by two Canadians named Prebus and Hillier a magnifying device used in most schools earliest form of the microscope Calculating Magnification Multiply the magnification of the eyepiece by the magnification of the objective lens. This will give you the total magnification of the object you are viewing under the microscope. Example Magnification of eyepiece: 5X Magnification of objective lens: 4X Total magnification: 5 x 4 = 20X Complete the following chart to give you practice. Use the information to check the magnification of the specimens you are observing. Eyepiece (a) 5X (b) 5X (c) 5X (d) 10X (e) 10X (f) 10X (g) 20X (h) 20X (i) 20X Objective Lens 4X 10X 40X 4X 10X 40X 4X 10X 40X Total Magnification 20X 3 Making a Scientific Drawing or Sketch A clear, concise drawing can often illustrate or replace words in a scientific explanation. In science, drawings are especially important when you are trying to explain difficult concepts or describe something that contains a lot of detail — such as something viewed under a microscope. It is important to make scientific drawings clear, neat, and accurate. 1. Use unlined paper and a sharp pencil with an eraser. 2. Give yourself plenty of space on the paper. You need space for your drawing and labels. Labels identify parts of the object you are drawing. Place all of your labels to the right of your drawing, unless there are so many labels that your drawing looks cluttered. 3. Carefully study the objects that you will be drawing. Make sure you know what you need to include. 4. Draw only what you see, and keep your drawing simple. Do not try to indicate parts of the object that are not visible from the angle you observed. 5. Shading and colouring are not usually used in scientific drawings. If you want to indicate a darker area, you can use stippling (a series of dots). You can use double lines to indicate thick parts of the object. 6. Label your drawing carefully and completely, using lower-case (small) letters. Remember to place your labels to the right of the drawing, if possible. Use a ruler to draw a horizontal line from the label to the part you are identifying. Instant Practice A scale drawing is one that duplicates the proportions of what you see through the microscope. This is important because it allows you to compare the sizes of different objects and helps you form an idea of the actual size of an object. In addition, a scale drawing makes it easier to explain what you see to someone else. Do the following to make a scale drawing. 1. Draw a circle (the size does not matter) in your notebook. Use the circle to represent the microscope’s field of view. 2. Imagine that the circle is divided into four equal sections. Use a pencil and a ruler to draw these sections in your circle. 3. Using low or medium power, locate a part of the prepared slide that interests you. Imagine that the field of view is also divided into four equal sections. 4. Note in what part of the field of view the object lies and how much of the field of view the object occupies. 5. Draw the object in the circle. Position it so it is in the same part of the circle as it appears in the field of view. Draw the object to scale. This means that it should take up the same proportion of space in the circle as it does in the field of view. 6. Label your drawing. 7. Give your drawing a title. 4 Data Collection Sheet #1 Name: Date: Specimen __________________________________ Hand Lens Magnification ______ Dissecting Scope Low Power Magnification = _____ _____ = _____X Medium Power Magnification = _____ _____ = _____X Compound Microscope Low Power Magnification = _____ _____ = _____X Medium Power Magnification = _____ _____ = _____X High Power Magnification = _____ _____ = _____X 5 Organization of Life Complete the chart to review and demonstrate your knowledge of the units of life and how they are organized. For each level, add a description. Then list three examples of this level found in the human body. Add two more examples, and then continue to the next level of organization. Level cell Description the smallest unit of life tissue organ system organism Example skin cell Word Scramble Unscramble the letters to discover these key terms from your study of cell theory. Definition Scrambled Word Answer (a) when life processes are present, an organism is called this (b) tissues combined to perform a specialized role (c) activities necessary in order to survive (d) part of a cell that carries out a particular function or role (e) cells combined to perform a specific task or function (f) the smallest unit of life (g) life processes are not present in this kind of object (h) an explanation supported by repeated experimental results (i) made up of organs working together (j) may consist of only one cell, or many cells VIGLIN GROAN FILE SPECSORES LEGLANORE SUTIES LCEL GIN–VINLON HERTOY MESSYT SNARGIOM 6 Plant and Animal Cells What are the two main types of cells? What organelles are found in cells? What is the function of each cell organelle? You will answer these and other questions as you explore the web site. Part A: Plant Cells 1. Go to the Cell’s Alive web site. 2. From the index, click on Plant Cell. 3. Draw a diagram of a plant cell. 4. Use the illustration on the web page to help label your diagram. If you are not sure of the name of an organelle, click on it to find out. Part B: Animal Cells 1. From the index, click on Animal Cell. 2. Draw a diagram of an animal cell. 3. Use the illustration on the web page to help label your diagram. If you are not sure of the name of an organelle, click on it to find out. Part C: Cell Organelles In this part of the activity, you will review the functions of the organelles in plant and animal cells. 1. Complete the following chart. • The first column lists the organelles found in cells. • In the second column, write the function of each organelle. • In the third column, fill in whether the organelle is found in animal cells, in plant cells, or in both types of cells. Organelles and Their Functions Organelle Function Where Is It Found? (animal cell, plant cell, or both animal and plant cell) cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus vacuole endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria cell wall chloroplasts 7 Part D: Comparing Plant and Animal Cells 1. Complete to compare plant and animal cells. • In the left column, write the names of organelles found only in animal cells. • In the right column, write the names of organelles found only in plant cells. • In the middle column, write the names of organelles shared by plant and animal cells. Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells Animal Cells Only Both Plant and Animal Cells Plant Cells Only What Did You Discover? 1. What are the two main type of cells? 2. What is an organelle? 3. What are the organelles common to both types of cells? 4. What are the organelles found only in plant cells? 6. Why do you think that scientists refer to cells as the “basic units of life”? Cell Review Complete the chart by placing the missing information in the correct box. City Comparison Cell Part Function cytoplasm outer covering of a plant cell outer covering of an animal cell chloroplast mitochondrion transportation system inside the cell golgi body control centre of the cell vacuole 8 Lab 8-C: Edible Cells Use this worksheet to help you plan your cookies for Design & Do Investigation 8–C. Review the parts of an animal and a plant cell. You may wish to check the cell diagrams on pages 166 and 167 in the student text. Decide what candies might best illustrate those parts. Explain your choice. Sketch of Plant Cell Organelle Organelle Function Sketch of Animal Cell Type of Candy to Use Reason for Choice 9 Organelle Crossword Complete the crossword using the clues provided. Across 1. semi-permeable; separates contents of cell from surrounding environment 4. collects sunlight; found only in plants 5. stores food, water, and waste 7. the “powerhouse”; releases energy in cell Down 1. jelly-like substance 2. transports materials; known by initials 3. non-living; provides protection and strength 6. the control center 10 Check Your Understanding _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 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