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Ch. 13- Specific Immunity
(Immunology Basics and
Vaccination)
1. Review of the Lines of
Defense
Name:_______________________________________________
Microbiology BI234
Immunology Basics
Line of Defense (which is
Specific?)
1. First Line of Defense (Innate
and Nonspecific) Surface
protection composed of
anatomical and physiological
barriers that keep microbes
from penetrating sterile body
compartments.)
2 Second Line of Defense
(Innante and Nonspecific)
Cellular and chemical system
that comes immediately into
play if infectious agents make it
past the surface defenses.
What 3 things is a healthy
functioning immune system
responsible for?
pp. 356-357
Define antigen (immunogen).
What are antigens made of and
where are they found?
**pp.350-351
What is the MHC?
Since MHC shape is coded for
by our genes, 
If antigen makes it through the
first and second lines of defense
Tools
A.Mechanical barriers (skin,
mucous membranes, mucociliary
escalator, lacrimal apparatus,
salivary glands)
B. Chemical barriers (tears,
saliva, sebum, perspiration,
gastric juice, urine, bile)
A. Phagocytosis (phagocytes
engulf foreign matter and
destroy it)
B. Inflammatory Response
(sequesters pathogens)
C. Interferons (control viral
replication)
D. Complement activation
(lyse pathogens)
A. B cells & Antibodies
B. T cells
3 Third Line of Defense
(Adaptive and Specific)
Specific host defenses UNIQUE
for each pathogen via the action
of specialized white blood cells
(B & T lymphocytes). This
form is usually long term and
has memory.
1. surveillance of the body
2. recognition of foreign material
3. destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
1. SEARCH 2. RECOGNIZE 3. DESTROY Foreign
invaders/antigens
13.3 Entrance of Antigens
Receptors on Cell Surfaces Involved in Recognition of Self and
Nonself
Glycoprotein receptor found on outside of cells that “shows/proves” to
immune system a SELF cell
Who would you want to transplant a tissue, your most genetically
similar sibling or a genetically different friend?
Are our siblings always similar enough?
Then, the 3rd line will be activated.
Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 1 of 8
Specific Immunity is usually
separated into 2 branches:
1)Humoral immunity and 2)
Cell-mediated immunity.
Compare and contrast these 2
branches.
**pp. 361-365
What is another name for an
antibody?
Briefly describe the structure
of an immunoglobulin
(antibody) molecule.
The specificity of antigens and
antibodies is similar to:
**pg. 363- Table 13.7 What
are the 4 possible
consequences of antibodies
binding to their specific
antigens?
Specific Immunity: The Third and Final Line of Defense
Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity employ lymphocytes, but
the types and mechanisms are different.
Humoral immunity relies on B cells differentiating into plasma cells
that will produce antibodies to destroy the antigen. (Called humoral
because antibodies are found in the body’s humor=body fluid.)
Cell-mediated immunity does not rely on antibodies, instead it uses T
cells to destroy antigen. When T-cells get activated by antigen, they
can differentiate into cytotoxic T-cells that can lyse target cells.
Sometimes, these 2 branches may work independently BUT MOST of
the time they work TOGETHER with the help of
macrophages/dendritic cells.
immunoglobulin
Antibodies are composed of protein with a specific three dimensional
shape. The basic structure looks like a “Y” or a lobster with 2 claws.
The body of the lobster is very similar between antibodies but the
claws are very different and have a specific 3-D shape that will bind to
different antigens.
*Notice that the specific antigen binding site is at the end of each
“claw” and is able to bind 2 antigens per molecule.
Enzymes binding to __________________________
4 possible effects:
1. Opsonization (coating)
2. Agglutination
3. Complement fixation
4. Neutralization
Explanation of Antibody function
Antibodies coat antigen and allow
phagocytes to get a hold of them and
phagocytose the antigen
Antigens “clump” together and become
immobilized so that they can be
phagocytosed.
Leads to lysis of target cell
Antibody binds to antigen and prevents
attachment to target (antigen may be a
virus or toxin—if toxin, antibody
sometimes called an antitoxin, if
venom molecule is antigen, antibody
called an anti-venom….see the pattern.
)
Pg. 365
Define titer.
Pg. 365
What is the primary response?
REFER to Table 13.9
The response of the immune system with the production of antibodies
and memory cells the FIRST(primary) exposure to a specific antigen.
What is the secondary
(memory, anamnestic)
response?
Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 2 of 8
What two things are greatly
(sometimes a thousand-fold
more) increased over the
primary response?
1.
2.
**The memory(anamnestic) response is the reason we immunize.**
13.6 Specific Immunity and Vaccination
What is the
difference(differentiate)
between Natural and
Artificial Immunity?
What is the general difference
between Active and Passive
Immunity?
Differentiate Active and
Passive Immunity more
specifically by completing the
chart.
Give one example of each of
the types of immunity.
Active Immunity
1. creates memory which
promotes quick action when
exposed again to same antigen
2.
Passive Immunity
1.
3. lasts for:
3. lasts for:
4. memory cells will generate
more antibodies if antigen is
seen again.
Type of Immunity
1. Natural Active Immunity
4. lack of production of new
antibodies against the antigen
2. immediate onset of protection
Example
2. Natural Passive Immunity
3. Artificial Active Immunity
4. Artifical Passive Immunity
What type of immunity lasts
longer, Active or Passive?
WHY?
What is the difference between
passive immunotherapy and
active immunization?
Which is more commonly
used?
Hundreds of years ago, smallpox
scabs were ground up and blown
into the nostrils of other
vulnerable people.
Immunization: A Lively History
What was a problem with this practice?
What is a cardinal rule for a
workable vaccine?
Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 3 of 8
Define vaccination.
Describe Edward Jenner's
experiment to provide
immunity against smallpox.
Jenner's major discovery was
A less pathogenic agent could confer protection against a more
pathogenic one
Passive Immunization
What are some sources of
1. animals
preformed
2.
antibodies(antisera/antitoxins)? 3.
When is the use of preformed
antibodies especially useful in
patient treatment?
Artificial Active Immunity: Vaccination
Describe the basic principle
behind vaccination.
What are the requirements for
an effective vaccine?
Vaccines may be composed of
the whole cell or virus or just a
subunit of the cell or virus
Refer to Table 13.11
1) protect=
2) safe=
3) stimulate both antibody and cell mediated reponse
4) produce long term memory
5) not require numerous doses
6) inexpensive, long shelf life, easy to administer
Vaccine Type
1. WHOLE CELL or VIRUS
a. live, attenuated cells or viruses
b. killed cells or inactivated viruses
2. SUBUNITS (antigenic molecules) from cells or viruses
a. subunits from cultures of cells or viruses
b. subunits chemically synthesized to mimic natural molecules
c. subunits manufactured via genetic engineering
d. if combined with other proteins to make them more
antigenic/immunogenic--then called conjugated vaccines.
Vaccine Type
Description
Killed, inactivated
WHOLE
CELL/VIRUS
i.e. whole (injected
polio, flu, Hep A)
Live, attenuated
(weakened)
WHOLE
CELL/VIRUS
i.e. measles, mumps,
rubella
Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 4 of 8
Subunit vaccines
(i.e. Hep B)
Toxoid vaccines
(i.e. tetanus,
diphtheria and
pertussis)
Describe several advantages of 1.
using live preparations.
2.
3.
4.
Describe several disadvantages 1.
of using live preparations.
2.
3.
Describe an advantage and
Antigens stimulate immunity but no pathogen present, however may
disadvantage of subunit
require more doses to increase immunogenicity.
vaccines.
Development of New Vaccines
Explain why it's difficult to
develop a vaccine against
latent or persistent viral
infections, like herpesviruses.
Explain the principle of DNA
vaccines.
Refer to Fig. 13.10 and explain 1.
the process of DNA vaccine
2.
preparation.
3.
4.
5.
State 3 advantages of DNA
1.
vaccines.
2.
3.
Route of Administration and Side Effects of Vaccines
List the various routes of
1. injected subcutaneous
administration of vaccines.
2. injected _______________
3. injected _______________
4. nasal
5. oral
Describe two benefits of nasal 1.
and oral vaccines.
2.
Is it fast and easy to get a
vaccine licensed for use?
Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 5 of 8
State some of the most
common side effects.
What happened to the original
scientific paper and author that
suggested a link between the
MMR vaccine and autism?
What has been a price of not
being vaccinated?
Before measles vaccines were
available, how many were
infected with measles? How
many children died annually?
Explain the risk vs. benefit
analysis of administering
vaccines.
When must the greatest
caution be used when
administering vaccines?
The original scientific paper was rejected and described as fraudulent
since the study was composed of only 12 children whose parents later
disclosed their children exhibited symptoms of autism even before
being vaccinated for MMR.
What happened to the author?
# of measles cases per year before the vaccine=
# of children who died each year before the vaccine=
To Vaccinate: Who and When?
Summarize who needs
vaccines and for what reasons.
15.5 Immunologic Methods
Define serology.
Explain the principle that
serological testing is based on.
What other types of samples,
besides serum, can serological
methods analyze?
Describe the purpose of using
these immune tests.
Refer to Fig 15.10 and note
that known antigen can be
used to detect antibody or
known antibody can be used to
detect antigen.
You just need one known(either antigen or antibody) and if you
observe binding between your known and unknown you conclude
that the matching partner to your known is present.
Binding between antibody and antigen is usually observed as
agglutination or color change.
a. General Features of Immune Testing
Define specificity.
Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 6 of 8
Define sensitivity.
i. Visualizing Antigen-Antibody Interactions
Describe the molecular basis
of immunologic testing.
To be useful in a clinical
setting, serological tests were
developed that produce a
reaction such as:
Agglutination and
Precipitation Reactions
indicate antigen and antibody
have bound by producing:
To the naked eye:
1. clumping or 2. color change
Under the microcope:
1. usually a color change
b. Clinical Applications of Immune Testing
i. Agglutination and Precipitation Reactions
Aggregates(clumps) of cells or soluble antigens
ii. Antibody Titers
Define titer.
iii. Serotyping
Describe serotyping.
iv. The Western Blot Procedure
Describe a benefit of the
western blot procedure.
Uses antibodies that have been
tagged with a fluorescent dye
to detect antigen.
v. Immunofluorescence Testing
Can be used to identify specific antigens on cells or in tissues when
viewed with a fluorescent microscope.
vi. Immunoassays
Describe immunoassays and a
benefit of them.
Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 7 of 8
vii. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Describe radioimmunoassay.
viii. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
ELISA tests utilize an extra enzyme linked to the indicator
antibody to increase sensitivity. ELISAs usually have color
changes that indicate a reaction between antibody and antigen.
ix. Complement Fixation
Describe complement fixation
tests and a benefit of them.
c. In Vivo Testing
Describe in vivo testing and
give an example.
Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 8 of 8