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Ch. 13- Specific Immunity (Immunology Basics and Vaccination) 1. Review of the Lines of Defense Name:_______________________________________________ Microbiology BI234 Immunology Basics Line of Defense (which is Specific?) 1. First Line of Defense (Innate and Nonspecific) Surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments.) 2 Second Line of Defense (Innante and Nonspecific) Cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface defenses. What 3 things is a healthy functioning immune system responsible for? pp. 356-357 Define antigen (immunogen). What are antigens made of and where are they found? **pp.350-351 What is the MHC? Since MHC shape is coded for by our genes, If antigen makes it through the first and second lines of defense Tools A.Mechanical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, mucociliary escalator, lacrimal apparatus, salivary glands) B. Chemical barriers (tears, saliva, sebum, perspiration, gastric juice, urine, bile) A. Phagocytosis (phagocytes engulf foreign matter and destroy it) B. Inflammatory Response (sequesters pathogens) C. Interferons (control viral replication) D. Complement activation (lyse pathogens) A. B cells & Antibodies B. T cells 3 Third Line of Defense (Adaptive and Specific) Specific host defenses UNIQUE for each pathogen via the action of specialized white blood cells (B & T lymphocytes). This form is usually long term and has memory. 1. surveillance of the body 2. recognition of foreign material 3. destruction of entities deemed to be foreign 1. SEARCH 2. RECOGNIZE 3. DESTROY Foreign invaders/antigens 13.3 Entrance of Antigens Receptors on Cell Surfaces Involved in Recognition of Self and Nonself Glycoprotein receptor found on outside of cells that “shows/proves” to immune system a SELF cell Who would you want to transplant a tissue, your most genetically similar sibling or a genetically different friend? Are our siblings always similar enough? Then, the 3rd line will be activated. Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 1 of 8 Specific Immunity is usually separated into 2 branches: 1)Humoral immunity and 2) Cell-mediated immunity. Compare and contrast these 2 branches. **pp. 361-365 What is another name for an antibody? Briefly describe the structure of an immunoglobulin (antibody) molecule. The specificity of antigens and antibodies is similar to: **pg. 363- Table 13.7 What are the 4 possible consequences of antibodies binding to their specific antigens? Specific Immunity: The Third and Final Line of Defense Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity employ lymphocytes, but the types and mechanisms are different. Humoral immunity relies on B cells differentiating into plasma cells that will produce antibodies to destroy the antigen. (Called humoral because antibodies are found in the body’s humor=body fluid.) Cell-mediated immunity does not rely on antibodies, instead it uses T cells to destroy antigen. When T-cells get activated by antigen, they can differentiate into cytotoxic T-cells that can lyse target cells. Sometimes, these 2 branches may work independently BUT MOST of the time they work TOGETHER with the help of macrophages/dendritic cells. immunoglobulin Antibodies are composed of protein with a specific three dimensional shape. The basic structure looks like a “Y” or a lobster with 2 claws. The body of the lobster is very similar between antibodies but the claws are very different and have a specific 3-D shape that will bind to different antigens. *Notice that the specific antigen binding site is at the end of each “claw” and is able to bind 2 antigens per molecule. Enzymes binding to __________________________ 4 possible effects: 1. Opsonization (coating) 2. Agglutination 3. Complement fixation 4. Neutralization Explanation of Antibody function Antibodies coat antigen and allow phagocytes to get a hold of them and phagocytose the antigen Antigens “clump” together and become immobilized so that they can be phagocytosed. Leads to lysis of target cell Antibody binds to antigen and prevents attachment to target (antigen may be a virus or toxin—if toxin, antibody sometimes called an antitoxin, if venom molecule is antigen, antibody called an anti-venom….see the pattern. ) Pg. 365 Define titer. Pg. 365 What is the primary response? REFER to Table 13.9 The response of the immune system with the production of antibodies and memory cells the FIRST(primary) exposure to a specific antigen. What is the secondary (memory, anamnestic) response? Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 2 of 8 What two things are greatly (sometimes a thousand-fold more) increased over the primary response? 1. 2. **The memory(anamnestic) response is the reason we immunize.** 13.6 Specific Immunity and Vaccination What is the difference(differentiate) between Natural and Artificial Immunity? What is the general difference between Active and Passive Immunity? Differentiate Active and Passive Immunity more specifically by completing the chart. Give one example of each of the types of immunity. Active Immunity 1. creates memory which promotes quick action when exposed again to same antigen 2. Passive Immunity 1. 3. lasts for: 3. lasts for: 4. memory cells will generate more antibodies if antigen is seen again. Type of Immunity 1. Natural Active Immunity 4. lack of production of new antibodies against the antigen 2. immediate onset of protection Example 2. Natural Passive Immunity 3. Artificial Active Immunity 4. Artifical Passive Immunity What type of immunity lasts longer, Active or Passive? WHY? What is the difference between passive immunotherapy and active immunization? Which is more commonly used? Hundreds of years ago, smallpox scabs were ground up and blown into the nostrils of other vulnerable people. Immunization: A Lively History What was a problem with this practice? What is a cardinal rule for a workable vaccine? Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 3 of 8 Define vaccination. Describe Edward Jenner's experiment to provide immunity against smallpox. Jenner's major discovery was A less pathogenic agent could confer protection against a more pathogenic one Passive Immunization What are some sources of 1. animals preformed 2. antibodies(antisera/antitoxins)? 3. When is the use of preformed antibodies especially useful in patient treatment? Artificial Active Immunity: Vaccination Describe the basic principle behind vaccination. What are the requirements for an effective vaccine? Vaccines may be composed of the whole cell or virus or just a subunit of the cell or virus Refer to Table 13.11 1) protect= 2) safe= 3) stimulate both antibody and cell mediated reponse 4) produce long term memory 5) not require numerous doses 6) inexpensive, long shelf life, easy to administer Vaccine Type 1. WHOLE CELL or VIRUS a. live, attenuated cells or viruses b. killed cells or inactivated viruses 2. SUBUNITS (antigenic molecules) from cells or viruses a. subunits from cultures of cells or viruses b. subunits chemically synthesized to mimic natural molecules c. subunits manufactured via genetic engineering d. if combined with other proteins to make them more antigenic/immunogenic--then called conjugated vaccines. Vaccine Type Description Killed, inactivated WHOLE CELL/VIRUS i.e. whole (injected polio, flu, Hep A) Live, attenuated (weakened) WHOLE CELL/VIRUS i.e. measles, mumps, rubella Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 4 of 8 Subunit vaccines (i.e. Hep B) Toxoid vaccines (i.e. tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis) Describe several advantages of 1. using live preparations. 2. 3. 4. Describe several disadvantages 1. of using live preparations. 2. 3. Describe an advantage and Antigens stimulate immunity but no pathogen present, however may disadvantage of subunit require more doses to increase immunogenicity. vaccines. Development of New Vaccines Explain why it's difficult to develop a vaccine against latent or persistent viral infections, like herpesviruses. Explain the principle of DNA vaccines. Refer to Fig. 13.10 and explain 1. the process of DNA vaccine 2. preparation. 3. 4. 5. State 3 advantages of DNA 1. vaccines. 2. 3. Route of Administration and Side Effects of Vaccines List the various routes of 1. injected subcutaneous administration of vaccines. 2. injected _______________ 3. injected _______________ 4. nasal 5. oral Describe two benefits of nasal 1. and oral vaccines. 2. Is it fast and easy to get a vaccine licensed for use? Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 5 of 8 State some of the most common side effects. What happened to the original scientific paper and author that suggested a link between the MMR vaccine and autism? What has been a price of not being vaccinated? Before measles vaccines were available, how many were infected with measles? How many children died annually? Explain the risk vs. benefit analysis of administering vaccines. When must the greatest caution be used when administering vaccines? The original scientific paper was rejected and described as fraudulent since the study was composed of only 12 children whose parents later disclosed their children exhibited symptoms of autism even before being vaccinated for MMR. What happened to the author? # of measles cases per year before the vaccine= # of children who died each year before the vaccine= To Vaccinate: Who and When? Summarize who needs vaccines and for what reasons. 15.5 Immunologic Methods Define serology. Explain the principle that serological testing is based on. What other types of samples, besides serum, can serological methods analyze? Describe the purpose of using these immune tests. Refer to Fig 15.10 and note that known antigen can be used to detect antibody or known antibody can be used to detect antigen. You just need one known(either antigen or antibody) and if you observe binding between your known and unknown you conclude that the matching partner to your known is present. Binding between antibody and antigen is usually observed as agglutination or color change. a. General Features of Immune Testing Define specificity. Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 6 of 8 Define sensitivity. i. Visualizing Antigen-Antibody Interactions Describe the molecular basis of immunologic testing. To be useful in a clinical setting, serological tests were developed that produce a reaction such as: Agglutination and Precipitation Reactions indicate antigen and antibody have bound by producing: To the naked eye: 1. clumping or 2. color change Under the microcope: 1. usually a color change b. Clinical Applications of Immune Testing i. Agglutination and Precipitation Reactions Aggregates(clumps) of cells or soluble antigens ii. Antibody Titers Define titer. iii. Serotyping Describe serotyping. iv. The Western Blot Procedure Describe a benefit of the western blot procedure. Uses antibodies that have been tagged with a fluorescent dye to detect antigen. v. Immunofluorescence Testing Can be used to identify specific antigens on cells or in tissues when viewed with a fluorescent microscope. vi. Immunoassays Describe immunoassays and a benefit of them. Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 7 of 8 vii. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Describe radioimmunoassay. viii. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) ELISA tests utilize an extra enzyme linked to the indicator antibody to increase sensitivity. ELISAs usually have color changes that indicate a reaction between antibody and antigen. ix. Complement Fixation Describe complement fixation tests and a benefit of them. c. In Vivo Testing Describe in vivo testing and give an example. Ch. 13-Immunology Basics and Vaccine--- Page 8 of 8