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NAME___________________________________________ DATE ________________ Final Review Lab Biology Diversity of Life 1) Prokaryotes used to be identified as Monerans. According to what you are learning from your Diversity of Life project, what two groups are they now known as? Archaebacteria and Eubacteria 2) How are viruses like living things? Name a type of virus. They reproduce ex. HIV, Cold, herpes, etc 3) How can viruses be prevented? Getting vaccinated, disinfecting, washing 4) What are the basic differences between organisms in each of the six kingdoms? (Cell type, # of cells, Mode of nutrition). Identify an example from each kingdom. (A chart would be excellent for this question) Archae Eubacteria Protist prokaryote prokaryote eukaryote Fungi eukaryote Plants eukaryote Animals eukaryote Cell type # unicellular unicellular unicellular multicellular multicellular multicellular Mode Both Both both heterotroph heterotroph autotroph 5) What is a vaccine? An injection of weakened or dead portion of a virus or bacteria 6) What is a protist? An organism that is usually unicellular, either heterotroph or autotroph and has eukaryotic cell. 7) What is the major difference between vertebrates and invertebrates? Presence of a backbone in vertebrates. 8) What body parts do fish use to breathe? Gills 9) Know the traits of mammals. Fur, hair or whiskers, mammary glands Ecology 10) Certain fungi have a relationship with algae that benefits both of them. What is this type of relationship called? mutualism 11) What is a community defined as? The populations of ALL species in an area. 12) Describe a predator- prey relationship. Predator kills and eats prey for food. 13) Describe the direction energy flows in a food chain. After producers get it from the sun, energy flows to herbivores, carnivores and decomposers. NAME___________________________________________ DATE ________________ Final Review Lab Biology 14) Recognize the parts of the water cycle. Evaporation, precipitation, condensation, transpiration, etc 15) Know the difference between primary and secondary succession. Primary occurs where no life had previously existed. Secondary occurs after life is destroyed in an area. Evolution 16) Define fossils and provide three examples of them. Any trace of an organism from the past. Bones, foot imprints, frozen remains 17) Name two methods by which we can “date” fossils, and explain how they are used for evidence of evolution. Relative dating and radiometric/radioactive dating. The first lets us know which fossil in a rock is oldest, but the second can actually give us a date for when that fossil was originally left behind. 18) What organisms do scientists believe were among the first on earth? Heterotrophic prokaryotes Re 19) According to scientists, which gas was NOT initially present on earth? oxygen 20) Know the following vocabulary terms from chapter 15-17: Allele frequency, artificial selection, analogous structures, biogenesis, camouflage, convergent evolution, directional selection, disruptive selection, divergent evolution, fitness, gene flow, geographic isolation, gradualism, homologous structures, natural selection, punctuated equilibrium, reproductive isolation, speciation, stabilizing selection, taxonomy, vestigial structures. 21) What is needed in a population for natural selection to occur? Variation in a population which allows some to be better adapted, survival of the fittest. The variations are due to mutations that naturally occur. 22) Who first proposed the theory of natural selection? Darwin 23) What must initially happen to genes in order to produce a new trait? Mutations 24) If genes in the gene pool of a population change, what term describes that change? Evolution 25) If a specific trait aides in an organism’s survival, what is it called? Adaptation 26) If an organism survives the environment and reproduces, it is said to possess this. Fitness 27) Explain the difference between analogous structures and homologous structures. Analogous are structurally different but have the same function. Homologous share structural similarities but may have different functions. Genetic Engineering 28) What are the steps used to engineer transgenic organisms? Isolate the desired gene and cut it out with restriction enzymes. Cut the plasmid or chromosome to place the gene in. Use a vector to insert it into the plasmid or chromosome. 29) What are the applications and benefits of genetic engineering? NAME___________________________________________ DATE ________________ Final Review Lab Biology There are many health related (treat/correct gene diseases), agricultural (make crops pest resistant), and environmental (microorganisms that can clean up oil spills) applications. 30) Know how to read DNA fingerprints to determine the match. This involves seeing what band fragments match. If determining a child’s parents, half of the bands must match each parent. Nucleic Acids 31) What is the structure of DNA? A double helix strand made of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate outer strands and nitrogen bases(Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) nitrogen bases that attach the two strands together 32) Identify the base pair matches of DNA and RNA. A-T, G-C (DNA) A-U, G-C(RNA) 33) Explain how DNA replicates. The strands unzip, base pair matching occurs at the exposed strands, creating two identical DNA molecules made of one original and one new strand 34) What are mutagens? Anything that causes a mutation. Viruses, radiation and chemicals 35) What is a gene? A short segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein to make a trait. 36) What are the steps involved in protein synthesis? Where does it occur? After mRNA is transcribed, it moves to the ribosome and is read. As it is read, specific tRNA molecules with a specific amino acid attached, base pair match with the codons, to help create the strand of amino acids that become the protein. 37) What term is used to describe the making of RNA in the nucleus? transcription 38) What types of mutations can occur in DNA, and what effects might they cause? Point mutations occur at the level of the nitrogen bases. If it is a deletion or addition, it may also be a frameshift mutation which will change the amino acid sequence and thus the protein. Chromosomal mutations are another type and can delete or add whole genes. Genetics Beyond Mendel including Human Genetics 39) How can you predict the genotypes of a family using a pedigree? By seeing who carries a trait and who passes it on you can determine the pattern of inheritance. 40) What are some human genetic disorders caused by inherited recessive alleles? Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sach’s, colorblindness and hemophilia which are both sex-linked too. 41) How can a human trait be determined by a simple dominant allele? Only one dominant allele is needed to express the trait. Both homozygous dominant and heterozygous dominant can express the trait. 42) What are some examples of codominance, multiple allelic, sex-linked, and polygenic inheritance in humans? Blood type is both codominant and multiple allelic. Sex-linked see #40 above Polygenic example is height. 43) Explain the patterns of multiple allelic and polygenic inheritances. Multiple alleles means that there are more than 2 types of alleles for a single gene but each individual will have only one. Polygenic means several gene sets are involved in determining one trait. 44) Explain the pattern of sex-linked inheritance. The gene is found on the X chromosome only and is more likely to be expressed in males if it is recessive. 45) How can you predict the outcome of a test cross? By completing a Punnett square of the NAME___________________________________________ DATE ________________ Final Review Lab Biology known homozygous recessive with either a homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant to represent the unknown. 46) Know what karyotyping is. A chart that shows number of chromosomes and completeness of chromosomes. 47) How can you determine a child has Down’s Syndrome? A karyotype will show that there are 3 chromosome 21’s. 48) OOPS Genetics and Meiosis 49) Know the vocabulary of genetics, including: dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, pedigree, Punnett square. 50) What are Mendel’s laws of heredity? Dominance, segregation, independent assortment 51) Complete a Punnett square to determine the offspring of two heterozygous tall plants? (T = tall, t= short) Tt x Tt will result in TT, Tt, Tt, tt 52) How does meiosis maintain a constant number of chromosomes within a species? Because meiosis results in cells with HALF the chromosomes (haploid), when the sex cells join it will result in the constant chromosome number of the species. Ex. 23 + 23 = 46 53) How can meiosis lead to variation within a species? Allows homologous chromosomes to separate in a variety of ways, allows new combinations of chromosomes to result when egg and sperm meet. 54) Which of Mendel’s laws of heredity relate to the event of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes separate? Law of segregation Chemistry 55) Identify the 4 major macromolecules. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids 56) Know the parts of an atom. Electron orbiting around nucleus of protons and neutrons. 57) Know the building blocks of protein. Amino acids 58) What property of water makes it so important to life on earth? Polarity resulting in hydrogen bonds 59) What type of macromolecule would include enzymes? Proteins Cells 60) Know the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondrion. Transform energy 61) Know the functions of the plasma (cell) membrane. Protection, selective permeability, recognize chemicals 62) What process moves water across a membrane from high to low concentration as seen in plants and other organisms? osmosis Scientific Method 63) Be able to recognize the steps of the scientific method. Know the problem, research and gather observations to make a hypothesis, then experiment NAME___________________________________________ DATE ________________ Final Review Lab Biology and draw conclusions from the data collected. 64) Know the difference between a control and a variable. Control is used as a comparison, it is usually some type of standard that already exists. The variable changes due to the scientist’s manipulation (independent) or because of the changes put in place for the experiment (dependent)