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NAME___________________________________________ DATE ________________
Final Review Lab Biology
Diversity of Life
1) Prokaryotes used to be identified as Monerans. According to what you are
learning from your Diversity of Life project, what two groups are they now
known as? Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
2) How are viruses like living things? Name a type of virus.
They reproduce ex. HIV, Cold, herpes, etc
3) How can viruses be prevented?
Getting vaccinated, disinfecting, washing
4) What are the basic differences between organisms in each of the six kingdoms? (Cell
type, # of cells, Mode of nutrition). Identify an example from each kingdom. (A chart
would be excellent for this question)
Archae
Eubacteria Protist
prokaryote prokaryote eukaryote
Fungi
eukaryote
Plants
eukaryote
Animals
eukaryote
Cell
type
#
unicellular unicellular unicellular multicellular multicellular multicellular
Mode Both
Both
both
heterotroph heterotroph autotroph
5) What is a vaccine? An injection of weakened or dead portion of a virus or bacteria
6) What is a protist? An organism that is usually unicellular, either heterotroph or
autotroph and has eukaryotic cell.
7) What is the major difference between vertebrates and invertebrates? Presence of a
backbone in vertebrates.
8) What body parts do fish use to breathe?
Gills
9) Know the traits of mammals.
Fur, hair or whiskers, mammary glands
Ecology
10) Certain fungi have a relationship with algae that benefits both of them. What is
this type of relationship called? mutualism
11) What is a community defined as? The populations of ALL species in an area.
12) Describe a predator- prey relationship. Predator kills and eats prey for food.
13) Describe the direction energy flows in a food chain. After producers get it from
the sun, energy flows to herbivores, carnivores and decomposers.
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Final Review Lab Biology
14) Recognize the parts of the water cycle. Evaporation, precipitation, condensation,
transpiration, etc
15) Know the difference between primary and secondary succession.
Primary occurs where no life had previously existed. Secondary occurs after life
is destroyed in an area.
Evolution
16) Define fossils and provide three examples of them.
Any trace of an organism from the past. Bones, foot imprints, frozen remains
17) Name two methods by which we can “date” fossils, and explain how they are used for
evidence of evolution.
Relative dating and radiometric/radioactive dating. The first lets us know which fossil in a rock is
oldest, but the second can actually give us a date for when that fossil was originally left behind.
18) What organisms do scientists believe were among the first on earth?
Heterotrophic prokaryotes
Re
19) According to scientists, which gas was NOT initially present on earth?
oxygen
20) Know the following vocabulary terms from chapter 15-17: Allele frequency, artificial
selection, analogous structures, biogenesis, camouflage, convergent evolution, directional
selection, disruptive selection, divergent evolution, fitness, gene flow, geographic
isolation, gradualism, homologous structures, natural selection, punctuated equilibrium,
reproductive isolation, speciation, stabilizing selection, taxonomy, vestigial structures.
21) What is needed in a population for natural selection to occur?
Variation in a population which allows some to be better adapted, survival of the
fittest. The variations are due to mutations that naturally occur.
22) Who first proposed the theory of natural selection?
Darwin
23) What must initially happen to genes in order to produce a new trait?
Mutations
24) If genes in the gene pool of a population change, what term describes that
change?
Evolution
25) If a specific trait aides in an organism’s survival, what is it called?
Adaptation
26) If an organism survives the environment and reproduces, it is said to possess this.
Fitness
27) Explain the difference between analogous structures and homologous structures.
Analogous are structurally different but have the same function. Homologous
share structural similarities but may have different functions.
Genetic Engineering
28) What are the steps used to engineer transgenic organisms?
Isolate the desired gene and cut it out with restriction enzymes. Cut the plasmid or chromosome
to place the gene in. Use a vector to insert it into the plasmid or chromosome.
29) What are the applications and benefits of genetic engineering?
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Final Review Lab Biology
There are many health related (treat/correct gene diseases), agricultural (make crops pest
resistant), and environmental (microorganisms that can clean up oil spills) applications.
30) Know how to read DNA fingerprints to determine the match.
This involves seeing what band fragments match. If determining a child’s parents, half of
the bands must match each parent.
Nucleic Acids
31) What is the structure of DNA?
A double helix strand made of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate outer strands and
nitrogen bases(Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) nitrogen bases that attach the two
strands together
32) Identify the base pair matches of DNA and RNA.
A-T, G-C (DNA) A-U, G-C(RNA)
33) Explain how DNA replicates.
The strands unzip, base pair matching occurs at the exposed strands, creating two
identical DNA molecules made of one original and one new strand
34) What are mutagens?
Anything that causes a mutation. Viruses, radiation and chemicals
35) What is a gene?
A short segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein to make a trait.
36) What are the steps involved in protein synthesis? Where does it occur?
After mRNA is transcribed, it moves to the ribosome and is read. As it is read, specific
tRNA molecules with a specific amino acid attached, base pair match with the codons, to
help create the strand of amino acids that become the protein.
37) What term is used to describe the making of RNA in the nucleus?
transcription
38) What types of mutations can occur in DNA, and what effects might they cause?
Point mutations occur at the level of the nitrogen bases. If it is a deletion or addition, it
may also be a frameshift mutation which will change the amino acid sequence and thus
the protein. Chromosomal mutations are another type and can delete or add whole genes.
Genetics Beyond Mendel including Human Genetics
39) How can you predict the genotypes of a family using a pedigree?
By seeing who carries a trait and who passes it on you can determine the pattern of
inheritance.
40) What are some human genetic disorders caused by inherited recessive alleles?
Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sach’s, colorblindness and hemophilia which are both sex-linked too.
41) How can a human trait be determined by a simple dominant allele?
Only one dominant allele is needed to express the trait. Both homozygous dominant and
heterozygous dominant can express the trait.
42) What are some examples of codominance, multiple allelic, sex-linked, and polygenic
inheritance in humans?
Blood type is both codominant and multiple allelic. Sex-linked see #40 above Polygenic
example is height.
43) Explain the patterns of multiple allelic and polygenic inheritances.
Multiple alleles means that there are more than 2 types of alleles for a single gene but
each individual will have only one. Polygenic means several gene sets are involved in
determining one trait.
44) Explain the pattern of sex-linked inheritance.
The gene is found on the X chromosome only and is more likely to be expressed in males if it
is recessive.
45) How can you predict the outcome of a test cross? By completing a Punnett square of the
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Final Review Lab Biology
known homozygous recessive with either a homozygous dominant or heterozygous
dominant to represent the unknown.
46) Know what karyotyping is. A chart that shows number of chromosomes and
completeness of chromosomes.
47) How can you determine a child has Down’s Syndrome? A karyotype will show that there
are 3 chromosome 21’s.
48) OOPS
Genetics and Meiosis
49) Know the vocabulary of genetics, including: dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype,
homozygous, heterozygous, pedigree, Punnett square.
50) What are Mendel’s laws of heredity? Dominance, segregation, independent assortment
51) Complete a Punnett square to determine the offspring of two heterozygous tall plants? (T
= tall, t= short) Tt x Tt will result in TT, Tt, Tt, tt
52) How does meiosis maintain a constant number of chromosomes within a species?
Because meiosis results in cells with HALF the chromosomes (haploid), when the sex cells
join it will result in the constant chromosome number of the species. Ex. 23 + 23 = 46
53) How can meiosis lead to variation within a species?
Allows homologous chromosomes to separate in a variety of ways, allows new
combinations of chromosomes to result when egg and sperm meet.
54) Which of Mendel’s laws of heredity relate to the event of meiosis in which homologous
chromosomes separate?
Law of segregation
Chemistry
55) Identify the 4 major macromolecules.
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
56) Know the parts of an atom.
Electron orbiting around nucleus of protons and neutrons.
57) Know the building blocks of protein.
Amino acids
58) What property of water makes it so important to life on earth?
Polarity resulting in hydrogen bonds
59) What type of macromolecule would include enzymes? Proteins
Cells
60) Know the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondrion.
Transform energy
61) Know the functions of the plasma (cell) membrane.
Protection, selective permeability, recognize chemicals
62) What process moves water across a membrane from high to low concentration as seen in
plants and other organisms? osmosis
Scientific Method
63) Be able to recognize the steps of the scientific method.
Know the problem, research and gather observations to make a hypothesis, then experiment
NAME___________________________________________ DATE ________________
Final Review Lab Biology
and draw conclusions from the data collected.
64) Know the difference between a control and a variable. Control is used as a comparison, it
is usually some type of standard that already exists. The variable changes due to the
scientist’s manipulation (independent) or because of the changes put in place for the
experiment (dependent)