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9 Week Benchmark Study Guide Fill-In 1. List the 4 Macromolecules a. carbohydrate and the monomers (building blocks) for each: aa. monosaccharides b. lipids bb. fatty acids c. proteins cc. amino acids d. nucleic acids dd. nucleotides 2. List the job/function of each macromolecule: a. carb: quick energy b. lipids: stored energy c. proteins: structure and support d. nucleic acids: contains genetic information (DNA) 3. What is an enzyme? What is the job of an enzyme? An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy 4. Enzymes speed up reactions by __lowering________________ the _______activation____________ energy. 5. The substance that is acted on by an enzyme is called a(n) _____substrate_____________. 6. Label the following: A. Substrate B. Active Site C. Enzyme 7. The three things that can influence the rate of activity for an enzyme are: a. pH b. Temperature c. Enzyme Concentration 8. TRUE or FALSE = The shape of an enzyme is very important related to the enzyme's function. 9. How do you know the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? Prokaryotes, mainly bacteria, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (example, mitochondria, etc) 10. List 10 of the cell organelles and the job of each: a. lysosome aa. Digests unwanted material via enzymes b. central vacuole bb. only found in plants; stores water and wastes c. ribosomes cc. synthesizes proteins d. golgi apparatus dd. “post office verbs” package, ship, receive, etc. proteins e. mitochondria ee. Powerhouse of the cell; provides energy --ATP f. nucleus ff. contains heredity information (DNA) g. nucleolus gg. Circle inside the nucleus; synthesizes ribosomes h. chloroplast hh. only found in plants site of photosynthesis i. rough ER ii. Exports proteins j. smooth ER jj. Detoxifies and synthesizes lipids k. cell membrane kk. “selectively permeable” allows some molecules to pass l. cell wall ll. only found in plants: adds structure and support 11. Label each of the following cells with the correct name for the structure or organelle. 1. nucleus 2. microtubules 3. mitochondria 4. rough ER 5. lysosomes 6. microfilaments 7. vacuole 8. ribosomes 9. golgi apparatus 10. cell membrane 11. centrioles (only seen in cell division) 1. cell wall 2. cell membrane 3. central vacuole 4. nucleus 5. chloroplast 6. mitochondria 7. cytoplasm 8. lysosome 9. rough ER 10. smooth ER 11. ribosomes 12. golgi apparatus 12. What is the cell membrane made of? Phosphoplids and proteins (creates a lipid bi-layer) 13. What is the importance of the cell membrane? It is “selectively permeable” allowing only certain molecules to pass through 14. What happens if you place a cell in a hypertonic solution? Be specific! The solute concentration increases, the water decreases, and the cell will shrink 15. What happens if you place a cell in a hypotonic solution? Be specific! The solute concentration decreases, the water increases, and the cell will swell 16. What happens if you place a cell in an isotonic solution? Be specific! The solute and water concentrations are equal, the cell will remain the same 17. How do particles move during diffusion? From high to low concentration or with or down the concentration gradient 18. How do cells get particles in and out that are too large to pass through the cell membrane? Facilitated diffusion if no energy available and ONLY going in. For a molecule to go both in and out, this will need active transport, which needs energy (ATP) 19. What is the difference between active and passive transport? Active transport requires energy (ATP), whereas passive transport does not. 20. What are the three types of passive transport? a. Osmosis: the movement of water from high to low concentration b. Facilitated Diffusion: moves large molecules in (only) via the help of a channel protein c. Simple Diffusion: moves small, nonpolar molecules from high to low concentration 21. What are the three types of active transport? a. Na-K Pump: moves Na into and K out of the cell via carrier proteins b. Exocytosis: moves molecules out of the cell via a vesicle (folded piece of a membrane) c. Endocytosis: moves molcecules into the cell via a vesicle (3 types: Pinocytosis: liquids, Phagocytosis: solids, and Receptor-Mediated: hormones) 22. List and define the 7 characteristics of life: HOGRECR a. Homoestatsis aa. Internal equilibrium (sweating for example) b. Organization bb. cells tissues organs organ systems organism c. Growth and Development cc. Grow: to get bigger, Develop: new parts d. Reproduction dd. Asexual Vs. Sexual e. Energy ee. ATP (metabolism: ability to convert food energy) f. Cells ff. See Cell Theory g. Respond to Stimuli gg. A stimulus is a trigger that elicits a response 23. List the 3 parts of the cell theory: a. all cells come from pre-existing cells b. cells are the basic unit of structure and function c. all living things are composed of cells 24. Why are viruses not considered living? They do not meet the HOGRECR requirements without a host 25. Name two examples of viruses: a. adenovirus (cold) b. HIV (which is a retro virus—lies dormant for years before symptoms appear) 26. How would you describe the size of a virus? Smaller than a bacteria 27. Label the following diagram as best as you can: Starting from top: 1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release 28. What is the main organelle involved in photosynthesis in plants? Chloroplast (thylakoids inside) 29. What is the equation for photosynthesis? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 30. What is the difference between the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle (light-independent) in Photosynthesis? The light reactions converts sunlight into ATP, and it splits water to release oxygen as a byproduct, whereas the Calvin Cycle uses the energy made in the light reaction plus carbon dioxide to store ATP into carbohydrates, like glucose 31. What is the main goal of Photosynthesis? To convert sunlight into long term energy storage for later 32. What is the main organelle involved in cellular respiration? Mitochondria What other part of the cell does the 1st part of cellular respiration take place? Cytoplasm (Glycolysis occurs here) 33. What is the equation for cellular respiration? Opposite of Photosynthesis: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Where do the aerobic processes of cellular respiration take place? In the mitochondria 34. What are the 3 processes involved in Cellular Respiration? What is the product of each? a. Glycolysis b. Krebs Cycle c. ETC 35. Which process in Cellular Respiration produces the most ATP? ETC 36. What is the main goal of Cellular Respiration? To break down ATP that’s been stored in carbohydrates 37. Why can plants and animals not exist without each other? Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are reverse processes where one needs the other USE THIS STUDY GUIDE PLUS YOUR MOST RECENT ONE TO STUDY FOR THE BENCHMARK PLEASE (25% OF YOUR GRADE)