Download 9 Week Benchmark Study Guide Fill-In

9 Week Benchmark Study Guide Fill-In
1. List the 4 Macromolecules
a. carbohydrate
and
the monomers (building blocks) for each:
aa. monosaccharides
b. lipids
bb. fatty acids
c. proteins
cc. amino acids
d. nucleic acids
dd. nucleotides
2. List the job/function of each macromolecule:
a. carb: quick energy
b. lipids: stored energy
c. proteins: structure and support
d. nucleic acids: contains genetic information (DNA)
3. What is an enzyme? What is the job of an enzyme? An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a chemical
reaction by lowering activation energy
4. Enzymes speed up reactions by __lowering________________ the _______activation____________
energy.
5. The substance that is acted on by an enzyme is called a(n) _____substrate_____________.
6. Label the following:
A. Substrate
B. Active Site
C. Enzyme
7. The three things that can influence the rate of activity for an enzyme are:
a. pH
b. Temperature
c. Enzyme Concentration
8. TRUE or FALSE = The shape of an enzyme is very important related to the enzyme's function.
9. How do you know the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? Prokaryotes, mainly
bacteria, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (example, mitochondria, etc)
10. List 10 of the cell organelles and the job of each:
a. lysosome
aa. Digests unwanted material via enzymes
b. central vacuole
bb. only found in plants; stores water and wastes
c. ribosomes
cc. synthesizes proteins
d. golgi apparatus
dd. “post office verbs” package, ship, receive, etc. proteins
e. mitochondria
ee. Powerhouse of the cell; provides energy --ATP
f. nucleus
ff. contains heredity information (DNA)
g. nucleolus
gg. Circle inside the nucleus; synthesizes ribosomes
h. chloroplast
hh. only found in plants site of photosynthesis
i. rough ER
ii. Exports proteins
j. smooth ER
jj. Detoxifies and synthesizes lipids
k. cell membrane
kk. “selectively permeable” allows some molecules to pass
l. cell wall
ll. only found in plants: adds structure and support
11. Label each of the following cells with the correct name for the structure or organelle.
1. nucleus
2. microtubules
3. mitochondria
4. rough ER
5. lysosomes
6. microfilaments
7. vacuole
8. ribosomes
9. golgi apparatus
10. cell membrane
11. centrioles (only seen in cell
division)
1. cell wall
2. cell membrane
3. central vacuole
4. nucleus
5. chloroplast
6. mitochondria
7. cytoplasm
8. lysosome
9. rough ER
10. smooth ER
11. ribosomes
12. golgi apparatus
12. What is the cell membrane made of? Phosphoplids and proteins (creates a lipid bi-layer)
13. What is the importance of the cell membrane? It is “selectively permeable” allowing only certain
molecules to pass through
14. What happens if you place a cell in a hypertonic solution? Be specific! The solute concentration
increases, the water decreases, and the cell will shrink
15. What happens if you place a cell in a hypotonic solution? Be specific! The solute concentration
decreases, the water increases, and the cell will swell
16. What happens if you place a cell in an isotonic solution? Be specific! The solute and water
concentrations are equal, the cell will remain the same
17. How do particles move during diffusion? From high to low concentration or with or down the
concentration gradient
18. How do cells get particles in and out that are too large to pass through the cell membrane? Facilitated
diffusion if no energy available and ONLY going in. For a molecule to go both in and out, this will need
active transport, which needs energy (ATP)
19. What is the difference between active and passive transport? Active transport requires energy (ATP),
whereas passive transport does not.
20. What are the three types of passive transport?
a. Osmosis: the movement of water from high to low concentration
b. Facilitated Diffusion: moves large molecules in (only) via the help of a channel protein
c. Simple Diffusion: moves small, nonpolar molecules from high to low concentration
21. What are the three types of active transport?
a. Na-K Pump: moves Na into and K out of the cell via carrier proteins
b. Exocytosis: moves molecules out of the cell via a vesicle (folded piece of a membrane)
c. Endocytosis: moves molcecules into the cell via a vesicle (3 types: Pinocytosis: liquids,
Phagocytosis: solids, and Receptor-Mediated: hormones)
22. List and define the 7 characteristics of life: HOGRECR
a. Homoestatsis
aa. Internal equilibrium (sweating for example)
b. Organization
bb. cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  organism
c. Growth and Development
cc. Grow: to get bigger, Develop: new parts
d. Reproduction
dd. Asexual Vs. Sexual
e. Energy
ee. ATP (metabolism: ability to convert food energy)
f. Cells
ff. See Cell Theory
g. Respond to Stimuli
gg. A stimulus is a trigger that elicits a response
23. List the 3 parts of the cell theory:
a. all cells come from pre-existing cells
b. cells are the basic unit of structure and function
c. all living things are composed of cells
24. Why are viruses not considered living? They do not meet the HOGRECR requirements without a host
25. Name two examples of viruses:
a. adenovirus (cold)
b. HIV (which is a retro virus—lies dormant for years before symptoms appear)
26. How would you describe the size of a virus? Smaller than a bacteria
27. Label the following diagram as best as you can:
Starting from top:
1. Attachment
2. Entry
3. Synthesis
4. Assembly
5. Release
28. What is the main organelle involved in photosynthesis in plants? Chloroplast (thylakoids inside)
29. What is the equation for photosynthesis? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
30. What is the difference between the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle (light-independent)
in Photosynthesis? The light reactions converts sunlight into ATP, and it splits water to release oxygen as a
byproduct, whereas the Calvin Cycle uses the energy made in the light reaction plus carbon dioxide to store
ATP into carbohydrates, like glucose
31. What is the main goal of Photosynthesis? To convert sunlight into long term energy storage for later
32. What is the main organelle involved in cellular respiration? Mitochondria
What other part of the cell does the 1st part of cellular respiration take place? Cytoplasm (Glycolysis occurs
here)
33. What is the equation for cellular respiration? Opposite of Photosynthesis:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Where do the aerobic processes of cellular respiration take place? In the mitochondria
34. What are the 3 processes involved in Cellular Respiration? What is the product of each?
a. Glycolysis
b. Krebs Cycle
c. ETC
35. Which process in Cellular Respiration produces the most ATP? ETC
36. What is the main goal of Cellular Respiration? To break down ATP that’s been stored in carbohydrates
37. Why can plants and animals not exist without each other? Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are
reverse processes where one needs the other
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