Download Titan Tutoring for Biology

Titan Tutoring for Biology
3rd Quarter Topics
1. Who is the father of genetics,
and what organism did he study?
Studied Pea Plants
2. What does phenotype mean?
Physical characteristics – What
you see.
3. What does genotype mean?
Allele combination
4. Write the following.
heterozygous genotype using
the letter of your choice Tt
homozygous dominant genotype
using the letter of your choice.
BB
homozygous recessive genotype
using the letter of your choice.
rr
5. In pea plants, the allele for
Yellow seeds (Y) is dominant to
the allele for green seeds (y).
What results from a cross
between two heterozygous
plants? Provide all genotypes and
phenotypes. Include genotypic
and phenotypic ratios.
_________ x ___________
6. What is a test cross?
A cross between a known
recessive organism and an
organism that shows the
dominant phenotype (but an
unknown genotype) to determine
if the genotype is homozygous
dominant or heterozygous.
7. What are the genotypes for
each blood type below?
a. Homozygous Type A
IAIA
b. Heterozygous Type A
I Ai
c. Homozygous Type B
IBIB
d. Heterozygous Type B
IBi
e. Type AB
IAIB
f. ii
8. John has heterozygous type A
blood. Linda has heterozygous
type B blood. Cross them below
and provide probabilities for
their children.
_________ x ___________
9. What type of inheritance
controls human blood type?
10. _________________traits are
found on the chromosome.
11. List 2 sex-linked traits.
a. Color Blindness
b. Hemophilia
12. Jeff is colorblind. Allison is
normal and not a carrier. What is
the probability that they will
have a child that is colorblind?
_________ x ___________
13. Dexter does not have
hemophilia. Judy is a carrier of
hemophilia. What is the
probability that they will have a
child with hemophilia?
_________ x ___________
Assume that the pedigree above shows the passage of a
genetic disorder (A) through three generations of a fam
individuals are homozygous recessive.
14. What is the relationship
between II-2 and III-1?
Mother and daughter
15. What is the relationship
between I-1 and III-2?
Grandfather and grandson
16. What is the genotype of:
a. I-1 _______Aa________
b. II-5
______Aa_________
c. III-4
________aa_______
17. In this specific pedigree, is it
possible for any of the affected
individuals to be homozygous
dominant? Why or Why not?
No b/c than all the individuals in
the pedigree would have the
disorder
18. What type of inheritance is
expressed in the following
genetic disorders?
a. Sickle Cell Anemia
Autosomal Recessive
b. Colorblindness
seX-Linked
c. Cystic Fibrosis
Autosomal Rcessive
d. Hemophilia
seX-Linked
e. Down Syndrome
Trisomy 21 (Due to nondisjunction)
f. Huntington’s Disease
Autosomal Dominant
Use this Karyotype for #19.
19. Which disorder is shown in the
karyotype above?
Downs Syndrome- trisomy 21
caused by nondisjunction
20. What other information can
you gain from a karyotype?
Gender
21. What procedure must be used
on a pregnant woman in order to
obtain fetal cells to complete a
karyotype for an unborn child?
Amniocentesis
22. What is a restriction
enzyme?
Cuts DNA between specific base
sequences, leaving “sticky ends”.
23.
DNA from at least 2
different species is called
Recombinant DNA
24.
How is a transgenic organism
created?
 DNA is obtained from
organism #1 (donor).
 It is cut using restriction
enzymes.
 This allows a specific gene to
be obtained.
 The same restriction enzyme
is used to cut the DNA of
organism #2.
 This allows for the production
of sticky ends, and the gene
from organism #1 is spliced
into the DNA of organism #2.
 This produces recombinant
DNA.
 The recombinant DNA is then
inserted into organism #2
using a
___pipette_____________.
 Organism #2 now contains
DNA from organism #1 and
#2, and it is therefore
transgenic.
25. What is a DNA fingerprint?
A unique pattern of DNA
fragments made using gel
electrophoresis
26.
In the DNA fingerprint
below, who is the father of the
child? ____________
Mom
____
Baby
____
____
____
____
Bob
Ken
____
____
Tim
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
27. In the DNA Fingerprint
above, circle the fragment that
would be the smallest (in terms of
molecular size).
28. The idea that living things
can come from nonliving materials
is called spontaneous generation.
This is a false idea.
29. Spontaneous generation was
proved invalid by the work of
several important scientists, and
it has been replaced by the
theory that all living things come
from other living things. This
theory is called biogenesis.
30. The experiment below was
used by Miller and Urey for what
purpose?
To prove that if early Earth’s
atmosphere contained
Gases, water, and lightening, and
then under the right conditions
the organic compounds that are
necessary for life could be
formed
31. Evolutionary biologists believe
that the first life forms on Earth
were most likely anaerobic
bacteria. (archaebacteria)
32.
What is evolution?
Change over time
33. What is Darwin’s theory of
evolution?
He believed in evolution by
natural selection. Natural
selection is the idea that
organisms that have favorable
traits are capable of
surviving/reproducing more
successfully than organisms
without those traits.
34. In order for natural
selection to occur, there must
Be variation within a population.
35.
Example of natural selection:
A population of mosquitoes
includes some mosquitoes with a
mutation that makes them
resistant to pesticides. When
the population is sprayed with
pesticides, the mosquitoes with
the resistant genes
survice/reproduce. The next
generation of mosquitoes is
resistant to pesticides.
36. Modern classification is on
the basis of evolutionary
relationships.
37. Hierarchy of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
38. Binomial nomenclature means
2-words that include genus –
species (genus is always
Capitalized, the genus and specie
are either underlined or italicized
Ex. Panthera leo
39. The diagram below is called a
Phylogenic Tree.
A
B
C
4
D
F
5
3
2
1
a. What is the most recent
common ancestor of species A
and C? 3
b. What is the common
ancestor of all the other
species (both ancient and
modern) in the phylogenetic
tree? 1
c. Which two modern species
are most closely related? A-B,
D-F
40.
The diagram below is called a
Cladogram
VARIOUS
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS
a. The characteristics along the
lower right side are called
Derived Characteristics
b. Organisms that share the
most derived characteristics
are most closely related to
each and will usually be
classified more closely
together. For example, Mice
and Chimps share a large
number of derived
characteristics and are both
classified as mammals in
addition to being vertebrate
animals. Chimps and hagfish
do not share a large number of
derived characteristics, and
although they are both
vertebrate animals, they are
not classified together beyond
that.
c. This cladogram can also be
used to determine which
species have specific
characteristics. ExampleWhich species does not have
jaws?
Hagfish
41. Use the dichotomous key below
to identify the phylum for each
of the organisms below. It DOES
NOT matter if you have never
studied these organisms before.
1.
a. Organism has an
obvious nucleus….Go to 2
b. Organism does not
have an obvious nucleus….Go
to 3
2. a. Organism has cilia for
movement….Phylum Ciliophora
b. Organism has a
flagellum for movement….Phylum
Euglenophyta
3. a. Organism is spiral
shaped….Phylum Spirochete
b. Organism is not spiral
shaped….Phylum Gram Positive
C.