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CPY4B02 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1 – Core Course of Bsc Counselling Psychology – IV semester – CUCBCSS 2014 Admn onwards MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The Prisoners' Dilemma is an example of: a) Free riding b) A social dilemma c) A solution to a social dilemma d) The opposite of a social dilemma 2. What has, according to an eminent social psychologist, been ‘treated like a rude bastard relative at a family gathering’? a) Downward comparison b) Impression management c) Civility d) Stereotyping 3. Why is it generally felt that members of some societies might develop a stronger preference for dispositional explanations? a) Many western societies are characterized by a culture of individualism, and this makes people lean more towards understanding the actor than the situation b) Many western societies are characterized by a culture of collectivism, and this makes people lean more towards understanding the situation than the actor c) Many non-western societies are characterized by a culture of individualism, and this makes people lean more towards understanding the actor than the situation d) Many non-western societies are characterized by a culture of collectivism, and this makes people lean more towards understanding the situation than the actor 4. In Heider’s (1948) balance theory, which of the following would represent an unbalanced triad? a) Agreeing with someone you like b) Agreeing with someone you dislike c) Disagreeing with someone you dislike d) Agreeing with a friend of a friend 5. Completing a task which requires self-control may make it: a) Easier to self-regulate on a following task b) Harder to self-regulate on a following task c) Impossible to self-regulate on a following task d) Neither easier nor harder to self-regulate on a following task 6. You decide to train for a marathon, and for a month you force yourself to get up at 6am every day to go running. At the end of the month, you notice that you have also been more successful recently at resisting the temptation to eat junk food. How would the strength model explain this: a) Succeeding at a goal has increased your self-efficacy b) Practicing self-control has increased your self-control resources c) Forming a goal has increased your motivation to overcome obstacles d) Similar goals facilitate each other 7. According to Ajzen and Fishbein (1977), measures of attitude and behavior need to correspond in four key ways. But which of the following is NOT one of these? a) Action b) Content c) Target d) Time 8. Which of the following would suggest that a person has low implicit self-esteem? a) They associate positive words more quickly than negative words with the self b) They associate negative words more quickly with the self than with others c) They show a greater than average liking for letters that are in their name d) They show a cautious style of self-presentation 9. Which of these statements about conformity is correct? a) The more members of the majority there are, the more dramatically conformity increases b) Genuine social support has a stronger influence over conformity than does broken unanimity c) Group size has a greater impact on conformity than any other moderator of group influence d) People in Western cultures find greater acceptance of others' judgements than those in Eastern cultures 10. According to Moscovici (1976, 1980), what process of influence do minorities induce? a) Validation b) Conversion c) Compliance d) Comparison 11. Below are three strongly-held views over which source condition (minority or majority) elicits the highest cognitive scrutiny of a message. But which one have studies shown to be correct? a) "Superior message processing is associated with a minority." b) "Superior message processing is associated with a majority." c) "Both a majority and minority can lead to superior message processing under different conditions." d) None of these 12. In Gottman and Levenson’s study of married couples’ social interactions, what was the strongest predictor of divorce? a) Criticism b) Contempt c) Anger d) Infidelity 13. At what age do children reach an understanding of pride? a) 3-4 b) 5-6 c) 7-9 d) 10-12 14. Self-categorisation theory suggests that social category salience is a function of: a) Fit x perceiver readiness b) Perceiver readiness x accessibility c) Identification x normative fit d) Identification x comparative fit 15. A cognitive miser is a person who: a) Hoards good ideas that should be shared with others b) Gives little time to thinking about personal matters c) Is good at disguising thoughts from other people d) Uses little effort in making judgments about other people 16. Being in a good mood does not reduce our_______, but reduces our________. a) Motivation to do hard cognitive work, incentive for doing hard cognitive work b) Incentive to do hard cognitive work, motivation for doing hard cognitive work c) Motivation to do hard cognitive work, capacity for doing hard cognitive work d) Capacity to do hard cognitive work, motivation for doing hard cognitive work 17. Prejudice is: a) The affective component of an attitude b) A genetically-controlled emotional response to people c) A belief usually acquired by contact with the attitude object d) A pre-judgement based on a persons’ group membership 18. Which stereotype-participant combination is likely to result in the weakest rebound effect? a) Skinheads stereotype; High prejudice participant b) Gay stereotype; Low prejudice participant c) Skinheads stereotype; Low prejudice participant d) Gay stereotype; High prejudice participant 19. Which of the conditions below is MOST likely to produce stereotype change following the bookkeeping model? a) Disconfirming information is concentrated on a few atypical group members b) Disconfirming information is concentrated on a few typical group members c) Disconfirming information is dispersed across many typical group members d) The stereotype is dramatically disconfirmed 20. According to social identity theory, which of the following strategies is LEAST likely to improve relations between social groups in an intergroup contact situation? a) Providing information about similarities between groups b) Providing information about differences between groups c) Acknowledging particpants’ group memberships d) Recategorising participants into a common group 21. Many findings suggest that intergroup contact improves attitudes among the people actually involved, but it does not generalise to the groups from which they were drawn. This is likely to follow from the fact that: a) Participants are affected by the acquiescent response bias b) Most intergroup contact is actually interpersonal contact c) Questionnaire measures are mostly used in this research d) An insufficient number of cross-cultural studies have been carried out 22. Which of the following is an example of using a ‘derived etic’ approach to cross cultural research? a) Research that examines a single culture in its own terms b) Research that compares members of thirty cultures on a measure that has been well validated in one of the cultures c) Research that compares members of two cultures on a task that was developed jointly by researchers from both cultures d) None of the above 23. What is the ‘ecological fallacy’? a) Interpreting an individual-level finding as if it were at the ecological-level b) Interpreting an ecological-level finding as if it were at the individual level c) Failing to look after the environment d) Disbelief in global warming 24. Sam is negotiating a business contract with two companies, one in Japan and one in America. She is frustrated by their slow replies, and wonders whether to express her anger. What does previous research suggest about the effects of expressing anger in negotiations in these two cultures? a) Expressions of anger induce larger concessions from negotiators in both Western and East Asian cultures b) Expressions of anger induce smaller concessions from negotiators in Western cultures, but larger concessions from negotiators in East Asian cultures c) Expressions of anger induce smaller concessions from negotiators in East Asian cultures, but larger concessions from negotiators in Western cultures d) Expressions of anger induce smaller concessions from negotiators in both Western and East Asian cultures 25. Social psychology is the scientific study of how people ___________________________, ___________________________, and ___________________________ one another. a) understand, feel about, act toward b) perceive, think about, act toward c) think about, influence, relate to d) observe, influence, conflict with 26. Social psychology began to emerge as the vibrant field it is today during a) the depression of the early 1930s when researchers examined the effects of deprivation on aggression and altruism b) world War I when psychologists conducted studies of social conflict and cooperation c) World War II when researchers performed studies of persuasion and soldier morale d) the Korean War when psychologists examined the effects of brainwashing on prisoners of War 27. In comparison to the sociologist, the social psychologist a) is more likely to study the social causes of behavior b) is more likely to study individuals than groups c) gives less attention to our internal functioning d) relies more heavily on correlational research 28. In comparison to personality psychology, social psychology a) has a shorter history b) is more concerned with the biological causes of behavior c) is more likely to use case studies in theory development d) has greater concern for differences between individuals 29. In comparison to personality psychology, social psychology a) focuses more on our common humanity b) has more famous, well-known theorists c) is an older specialty within the discipline of psychology d) provides more "grand" or comprehensive theories of human functioning 30. The text states that as a scientific discipline, social psychology a) is superior to those disciplines which assume a more subjective approach to the study of human nature b) can assist in explaining the meaning of life c) is one perspective from which we can view and better understand human nature d) offers explanations for human nature that often contradict the claims of other disciplines 31. Most social-psychological research is conducted either in the field or in the ______________________ and is either correlational or ________________________. a) clinic; survey b) laboratory; experimental c) laboratory; survey d) clinic; experimental 32. Survey researchers obtain a representative group a) through random assignment b) by selecting at least 2000 respondents to be interviewed c) by taking a random sample d) either through telephone books or automobile registrations 33. The great strength of _____________________ is that it tends to occur in real-world settings where it can examine questions regarding important factors like race, sex, and social status. a) correlational research b) field experimentation c) laboratory experimentation d) quasi-experimentation 34. Which of the following distinguishes the correlational method from experimentation? a) the correlational method uses a smaller group of subjects b) the correlational method enables researchers to study social attitudes no attempt is made to systematically manipulate one or more factors with the correlational method d) the findings from the correlational method are more likely to be contaminated by the experimenter's values 35. To determine whether changing one variable (like education) will produce changes in another (like income), we need to conduct _____________________ research. a) Survey b) correlational c) experimental d) statistical 36. Random assignment means that each person taking part in an experiment must a) have an equal chance of being in a given condition in the experiment b) be assigned to all the conditions of the experimental treatment c) be randomly selected from the larger population d) be given random responses to the experimenter's questions 37. The experimental factor that the experimenter manipulates is called the _______________ variable. a) Dependent b) control c) independent d) experimental 38. In an experiment, the variable being measured is called the __________________ variable. a) Control b) independent c) experimental d) dependent 39. The experimental method is used in about ___________________________ of all social-psychological research studies. c) one-fourth b) one-half c) three-fourths d) nine-tenths 40. Random assignment is necessary to a) insure mundane realism b) insure informed consent c) rule out pre-existing differences between subjects in different experimental conditions d) avoid the naturalistic fallacy 41. Which of the following is false according to the text? a) experimenters standardize their instructions to subjects to minimize demand characteristics b) major psychological organizations have developed a number of ethical principles to guide investigators c) informed consent is an important ethical principle to be followed in conducting research d) deception should never be used in conducting research 42. Hypotheses are best characterized as a) Axioms b) principles c) predictions d) conclusions 43. According to the text, ___________________________ tends to make people overconfident about the validity of their judgments and predictions. a) the fundamental attribution error b) illusory correlation c) the naturalistic fallacy d) the hindsight bias 44. In an experimental study of the effects of failure on selfesteem, self-esteem would be the a) control condition b) independent variable a) dependent variable d) experimental condition 45. Widely held ideas and values that we take for granted and that help us make sense of our world are called a) pluralistic assumptions b) cultural traditions c) social heuristics d) social representations 46. The text suggests that adjectives such as "self-actualized," "mature," and "well-adjusted" demonstrate a) how psychological concepts have hidden values b) how psychological concepts are individualistic c) an inordinate concern with mental health d) how personality psychologists are more influential than social psychologists 47. According to the text, the fact that human thinking always involves interpretation a) provides a valid reason for dismissing science b) is precisely why we need scientific analysis c) is a reason for preferring experimental over correlational research d) has been more frequently recognized by those in the sciences than by those in the humanities c) 48. The naturalistic fallacy provides an example of a) the hindsight bias b) how values penetrate the work of the scientist c) how commonsense notions are often wrong d) how naturalistic observation is unable to answer questions about cause-effect relationships 49. In comparison to North American social psychologists, European social psychologists tend to give more attention to the _______________ levels of explanation. a) intrapersonal and interpersonal b) c) d) intergroup and societal interpersonal and intergroup intrapersonal and societal 50. Who of the following is most likely to study how religious attitudes develop within the typical individual? a) a sociologist b) a social worker c) a social psychologist d) a theologian 51. Who of the following would be most likely to study how the political attitudes of middle-class people differ from those of lower-class people? a) a personality psychologist b) a social psychologist c) a social biologist d) a sociologist 52. You would like to know the relationship between the number of psychology courses people take and their interpersonal sensitivity. You survey university students to determine how much psychology they have taken and then have them complete a test of social sensitivity. Finally you plot the relationship. This is an example of a) a laboratory experiment b) a field experiment c) a correlational study d) participant observation 53. The telephone company wants to survey its 100,000 customers. Four proposals for sampling the customers are being considered. Which would you recommend? a) interview every 75th person listed in the telephone directory b) mail a questionnaire to all 100,000 customers and assume at least 1200 will respond interview the people in every 50th residence from a postal listing of all addresses d) interview those 1000 persons with the highest phone bills 54. A research psychologist manipulates the level of fear in human subjects in the laboratory and then examines what effect the different levels of fear have on the subjects' reaction times. In this study, reaction time is the _______________ variable. a) Dependent b) correlational c) independent d) experimental 55. Which of the following research methods would be most effective in demonstrating that the presence of others improves our performance of a task? a) an experiment b) correlational study c) a survey d) a field study 56. Which of the following techniques would be the most effective way of investigating the relationship between the political preferences and the age of Canadian citizens? a) an experiment b) a case study c) a correlational study d) participant observation 57. A negative correlation between degree of wealth and the likelihood of being involved in criminal activity would indicate that a) poverty makes people more likely to commit a crime b) the poor are more likely to be involved in criminal activity than are the wealthy c) being involved in criminal activity usually prevents people from accumulating wealth d) all of the above are necessarily true c) 58. In a research study investigating the effects of stress on the desire to affiliate, half of the participants complete an easy test of mental ability and half complete a difficult test. What technique should the investigators use to ensure that any posttest differences in the group's desire to affiliate actually result from the differences in test difficulty? a) random sampling b) random assignment c) replication d) none of the above 59. There is a strong relationship between dating frequency and physical attractiveness a) for males. b) for females. c) for both males and females. d) beyond the initial stage of attraction. 60. Which is TRUE regarding choosing a mate? a) People who marry are highly similar in age, education, race, religion, and ethnic background. b) The highest correlation between people who marry involves their temperaments. c) In the United States kindness and understanding are ranked as being the least important qualities in a mate. d) Men rate physical attractiveness as a less important quality in a mate than women do. 61. The study in which college students attached a bumper sticker for a militant black organization to their cars and then received frequent traffic citations demonstrates a) group prejudice. b) scapegoating. c) personal prejudice. d) discrimination. 62. When we perform well, we typically attribute our success to __________. a) internal characteristics b) our group of colleagues c) external circumstances d) our personality type 63. Which is true of social stereotypes? a) They are always negative. b) They tend to be rational. c) Likable members of a rejected group are perceived as an "exception." d) University students show more evidence of ethnic stereotyping now than they did in the past. 64. A __________ group is a group based on social comparison. a) focus b) personal identification c) reference d) comparison 65. The degree of attraction among group members relates to the dimension of a) compatibility. b) structure. c) cohesiveness. d) conformity. 66. According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, attitudes are changed because a) emotionally persuasive arguments unfreeze beliefs. b) logical arguments alter the belief component of an attitude. c) clashing thoughts cause discomfort. d) acting contrary to one's beliefs for a large reward causes dissonance. 67. An example of a superordinate goal is a) getting good grades. b) making money. c) making friends. d) protecting clean water supplies. 68. You are walking into a store when a man rudely cuts in front of you, almost shoving you, so that he may enter the store first. "What a jerk!" you think to yourself. As you enter the store, you see the same man performing an emergency tracheotomy on a women with a collapsed windpipe. You have just a) discounted a person's actions due to situational demands. b) self-handicapped. c) overemphasized the object in this action sequence. d) made the fundamental attribution error. 69. According to evolutionary psychologists, a) women tend to be concerned with whether mates will devote time and resources to a relationship. b) men place less emphasis on physical attractiveness. c) women place more emphasis on sexual fidelity. d) men are biologically driven to have multiple partners. 70. In North America, male friendships are __________ based and female friendships are __________ . a) activity; based on sharing feelings. b) attraction; based on activity c) feeling; based on activity d) activity; based on attraction 71. Which statement about physical attractiveness is FALSE? a) Beauty is a factor mainly in initial acquaintances. b) Looks are less related to dating frequency for men than for women. c) For men, there is little relationship between attractiveness and the achievement of status. For marriage partners there is a tendency for attractive men to be paired with highly educated women with high incomes. 72. Moderate self-disclosure typically leads to a) competence matching. b) rejection. c) romantic attraction. d) reciprocity. 73. Aggression is best defined as a) hostility. b) anger. c) any action carried out with the intent of harming another person. d) none of these 74. Attribution theory concerns our tendency to explain our behavior and that of others a) by external causes rather than internal causes. b) by inferring causes on the basis of internal or external factors. c) by internal rather than external causes. d) based on personality factors. 75. The __________ hypothesis states that frustration tends to lead to aggression. a) frustration-aggression b) biological instinct c) social learning d) cognitive dissonance 76. Arabs are typically depicted in the media as oil-rich but ignorant and savage. In a time of war with an Arab country, this image would be used a) to make it easier for soldiers to kill the enemy. b) to educate the population regarding the enemy. c) to strip away the emotional insulation of our soldiers. d) very little, since previous attempts at dehumanizing (during W.W.II, for example) were ineffective. 77. A compulsion by decision makers to maintain each other's approval, even at the cost of critical thinking and good judgment, is called a) the halo effect. b) expert power. c) groupthink. d) social conformity. 78. For most American adults, an invisible spatial envelope defining their most intimate space a) extends four feet from their body. b) extends an "arm's reach" from their body. c) is reserved for comfortable interactions with friends. d) extends about 18 inches out from their body. 79. Prejudice based on displaced aggression represents a form of a) projection. b) discrimination. c) scapegoating. d) authoritarianism. 80. Social position in a group determines one's a) competence. b) autokinetic norms. c) role. d) usefulness. 81. With regard to the effects of TV on children, we can conclude that a) TV has little effect on the behavior of children. b) TV only increases aggressive behavior in children. c) TV only increases prosocial behavior in children. d) the amount of TV viewing may be related to aggressive behavior later in life. d) 82. If everyone leaves five minutes before the game is over to avoid a traffic jam, the resulting traffic jam would be an example of a) social impregnation. b) a social trap. c) groupthink. d) self-handicapping. 83. A student who is unprepared for a final exam complains that he has a stomach ache and cannot take the exam. If the student's roommate ignores this complaint, he or she has probably attributed the student's symptoms to the a) object. b) actor. c) situation. d) need for affiliation. 84. Physical proximity increases attraction because it a) increases frequency of contact. b) enhances social comparisons. c) establishes common norms. d) reduces development of incompatible roles. 85. The real danger of "groupthink" is that it a) is contagious. b) occurs in cohesive groups. c) disrupts coordinated efforts at group problem solving. d) leads to a suspension of critical thinking. 86. The organization of roles, patterns of communication, and power in a group defines the group's a) status. b) structure. c) cohesiveness. d) norms. 87. Those roles which one attains voluntarily are called ascribed roles. b) achieved roles. c) positions. d) social selves. . 88. A learned disposition to respond to people, objects, or institutions in a positive or negative way defines a) cognitive dissonance. b) socialization. c) attitudes. d) stereotypes. 89. In general, helping behavior in emergency situations is discouraged by a) the presence of a large number of persons. b) low costs associated with helping. c) smaller social distance between the helper and the victim. d) fear of cognitive dissonance. 90. Frustration probably encourages aggression because it a) triggers genetic mechanisms. b) raises arousal levels and sensitivity to cues for aggression. c) triggers biological cues for aggression. d) relieves tension. 91. The fact that physically attractive people also tend to be rated more highly on traits such as intelligence and honesty is an example of a) social magnetism. b) role modeling. c) social comparisons. d) the halo effect. 92. Negative attitudes that are tinged with fear, hatred, or suspicion is a definition of a) prejudice. a) authoritarianism. c) discrimination. d) displaced aggression. 93. During his rise to power, Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany's economic woes. This is an example of a) personal discrimination. b) social stereotypes. c) symbolic prejudice. d) scapegoating. b) 94. When you have "clashing thoughts," you are experiencing a) conformity pressure. b) obedience pressure. c) cognitive dissonance. d) open-ended role conflict. 95. Interpersonal attraction is encouraged by which one of the following? a) personal space b) proxemics c) competition d) similarity 96. Desensitization is a) the imitation of an undesired response. b) the removal of an inhibition. c) reduction of emotional sensitivity. d) an increase in emotional sympathy. 97. People's attitudes about women and rape primarily come from a) sexual images in X-rated books. b) sexual images in X-rated movies. c) violent images in mainstream movies and magazines. d) sexual images in mainstream movies and magazines. 98.The judge who is caught cheating on his income tax is likely experiencing a) role diffusion. b) attribution failure. c) role conflict. d) attribution error. 99. Alcohol a) is a direct cause of aggression. b) lowers the threshold for aggression. c) causes relaxation and raises the threshold for aggression. d) induces hypoglycemia and frustration. 100. Cognitive dissonance theory is based on the human need for a) self-actualization. b) gain-loss. c) cognitive dissonance. d) consistency. 101. Discrimination refers to behaviors that a) allow us to tell one ethnic group from another. b) occur when members of a racial group threaten an individual's security. c) prevent individuals from doing things they should be able to do. d) are directed toward a particular group. 102. In an experiment in which a "student" simulated a seizure, helping was inhibited by a) conditions employing smaller groups. b) diffusion of responsibility. c) group discussion. d) reference cognitive dissonance. 103. Sharing your own private thoughts and feelings is called a) self-talk. b) autonomy. self-disclosure. d) introspection. 104.When making the "attribution error," we tend to overestimate the importance of __________ in judging the behavior of others. a) personal factors b) situational factors c) intelligence d) motivation 105. People who think their ethnic, national, or religious group is superior to others are called a) authoritarian. b) dogmatic. c) ethnocentric. d) rigid. 106. Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions are called a) roles. b) culture. c) stereotypes. d) mannerisms. 107. After Mrs. Keech's doomsday predictions failed, her followers suddenly became interested in convincing others they were right. This turn of events is predicted by __________ theory. a) social exchange b) gain-loss c) cognitive dissonance d) balance 108. The demonstration by Jane Elliot with blue-eyed and browneyed children suggests that an effective way to generate conditions of prejudice is to a) require persons to compete for scarce resources. b) physically isolate two groups from each other. c) c) d) produce inequalities in power, prestige, or privileges of group members. demand that members of two groups cooperate to achieve a common goal. 109. Comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you is referred to as a) social comparison. b) downward comparison. c) upward comparison. d) physical proximity. 110. How individuals are affected by the presence of others is the focus of study in the field of a) Sociology. b) Social psychology. c) Experimental psychology. d) Sociobiology 111. Karen smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. However, she is aware that smoking is harmful to her health; therefore, she holds two conflicting or dissonant thoughts. If Karen were to reduce her cognitive dissonance by changing her attitude, she might say to herself, a) "Smoking really isn't that dangerous." b) "Smoking is a habit that I have little control over." c) "I think that I'll try to give up smoking." d) "I'll only smoke when I feel stressed out." 112. Which is a method to reduce prejudice? a) mixed-status contact b) mutual exclusivity c) groupthink d) mutual interdependence 113. An ongoing pattern of life including such things as language, customs and sex roles is called a) conformity. b) norms. c) group cohesion. d) culture. 114. A reference group is a) one with which a person has face-to-face contact. b) any group in which one plays an active role or has membership. c) any group outside one's social distance boundaries. d) any group whose values and attitudes are seen as relevant to one's own. 115. Studies of conformity indicate that people are more apt to be influenced by others if they a) are concerned about the approval of others. b) have low needs for certainty and structure. c) are in temporary rather than established groups. d) are in very large groups. ANSWER KEY 1. b 2 .b 3. a 4 .b 5 .b 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. b 10 .a 11. c 12 .b 13. c 14.a 15. d 16. d 17 .d 18 .b 19. c 20 .a 21 .b 22.c 23. b 24 .c 25.c 26.c 27.b 28.a 29.a 30.c 31.b 32.c 33.a 34.c 35.c. 36.a 37.c 38.d 39.c 40.c 41.d 42.c 43.d 44.c 46.d 47.a 48.b 49.b 50.b 51.c 52.d 53.c 54.a 55.a 56.a 57.c 58.b 59.b 60.b 61.a 62.d 63.a 64.c 65.c 66.c 67.c 68.d 69.d 70.a 71.a 72.d 73.d 74.c 75.b 76.a 77.a 78.c 79.d 80.c 81.c 82.d 83.b 84.c 85.a 86.d 87.b 88.b 89.c 90.a 91.b 92.d 93.a 94.d 95.c 96.d 97.c 98.c 99.c 100.b 101.d 102.c 103.b 104.c 105.a 106.a 107.c 108.c 109.b 110.b 111.a 112.d 113.d 114.d 115.a Prepared by: Eldhose N.J, Research Scholar, Department of Psychology, University of Calicut