* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download NEPAL Strengthening capacities of to mainstream climate change concerns into
Stern Review wikipedia , lookup
Myron Ebell wikipedia , lookup
Instrumental temperature record wikipedia , lookup
Global warming controversy wikipedia , lookup
Soon and Baliunas controversy wikipedia , lookup
Michael E. Mann wikipedia , lookup
Fred Singer wikipedia , lookup
Climatic Research Unit email controversy wikipedia , lookup
Economics of climate change mitigation wikipedia , lookup
2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference wikipedia , lookup
German Climate Action Plan 2050 wikipedia , lookup
Global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climatic Research Unit documents wikipedia , lookup
Climate change feedback wikipedia , lookup
Heaven and Earth (book) wikipedia , lookup
General circulation model wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
ExxonMobil climate change controversy wikipedia , lookup
Climate sensitivity wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on human health wikipedia , lookup
Climate change denial wikipedia , lookup
Climate resilience wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Saskatchewan wikipedia , lookup
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change wikipedia , lookup
Climate engineering wikipedia , lookup
Economics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Australia wikipedia , lookup
Attribution of recent climate change wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate governance wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Citizens' Climate Lobby wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme wikipedia , lookup
Climate change adaptation wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Tuvalu wikipedia , lookup
Media coverage of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Scientific opinion on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Public opinion on global warming wikipedia , lookup
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on humans wikipedia , lookup
Surveys of scientists' views on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Strengthening capacities of NEPAL to mainstream climate change concerns into national urban related policies MAHENDRA SUBBA, (Dr.ing) EXPERT GROUP MEETING INTO NATIONAL URBAN POLICIES BANGKOK, 17-18 MARCH 2015 Country profile: Nepal Area: 1,47,181 Sq KM Population: 26.494 million (Source: CBS, 2011) Population Growth Rate: 1.35% per year Country GDP per capita 721US$ Geographical setting and Climate: Land locked country situated in central part of Hindu-Kush Himalaya stretch Different Physiographic regions exist within lateral span of less than 200KM. Each Physiographic region has distinct altitude and climate characteristics that vary from sub-tropical to alpine conditions Source: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat 2005 (10.034 million) i. e. 38.26% of total country population Urban Population Growth Rate: 3.43% Inter-Censal Growth 5.3% Average annual Growth (1981 to 2011) 35 10,000 Largest City and Capital: Kathmandu 40 12,000 Population: 975,453 (0.97 million) Density (persons per hectare):199 30 8,000 25 20 6,000 15 4,000 10 2,000 - 5 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2014 0 % Urban Population Urban population: 10,034,577 Urban Population ( in thousands) Urbanization trend Problems related to climate change and urbanization Direct Impacts: Energy: Irregularities in stream flow affects reliable supply of electricity where 90% of population rely on hydro-power as main source of electricity. Siltation and floods reduces power generation efficiency. Infrastructure: Increased incidence of rainfall overwhelms the capacity of sewerage system that is already deficit. Bridges and roads bear direct impact of flooding events. Rise in temperature affects the mountain regions the most, where the rate of temp. rise is higher and coping capacity is low. Water security: Reduction in fresh water supply due to change in rainfall pattern, decrease in snowfall, rapid melting of glaciers in the long run and reduced groundwater recharge Climate induced rural-urban migration: Change in food production pattern due to increase temperature, prolonged draught have forced people to migrate to cities and other countries. Problems related to climate change and urbanization Indirect Impacts: Food security: Damage to livelihood asset ; reduction in food production due to changing temperature and rainfall pattern with impact on food price Rising incidence of urban poverty increases vulnerability and aggravates impact of Climate Change 50 40 41.76 30.85 30 20 21.55 10 0 % of Poor 25.16 15.46 9.55 1995/96 2003/04 2009/10 Nepal Urban Policies leading to promotion or failure of the climate change adaption and mitigation efforts National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), 2010 A strategic tool to assess climatic vulnerability and respond to climate change adaptation issues Urban settlements and infrastructure is one of six major sectors. Adaptation actions for Urban settlement and infrastructure sector are: • Piloting rain water harvesting system at community level • Develop nationwide ground water monitoring system • Water management of river basin at municipal level Policies leading to promotion or failure of the climate change adaption and mitigation efforts Multi-Stakeholder Climate Change Initiatives Coordination Committee (MCCICC), 2010 A national platform for ensuring regular dialogue and consultations on climate change-related policies, plans, finance, programmes/projects and activities. It aims to foster a unified and coordinated climate change response in Nepal It institutionalizes the multi-stakeholder and participatory process of NAPA Policies leading to promotion or failure of the climate change adaption and mitigation efforts Climate Change Policy, 2011 Aims to: - Improve livelihoods by mitigating and adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change, - Adopt a low-carbon emissions socio-economic development path - Support and collaborate to fulfill country's commitments to national and international agreements related to climate change. - This policy is not explicit impact of climate change on urban areas. For ex. it does not address issue of urban water security. - Environment Protection Act and Rules are limited and do not encompass the issues of climate change. Policies leading to promotion or failure of the climate change adaption and mitigation efforts Local Adaptation Plans for Action (LAPA) , 2011 Ensures effective implementation of NAPA. Assist identification of local adaptation actions with people's participation as prescribed in NAPA LAPA framework helps to integrate climate adaptation and resilience aspects in local and national plans through crosscutting sectors Guided by bottom-up, inclusive, responsive and flexible as the four guiding principles - Lack of data and information at micro level is preventing implementation of LAPA. - Low capacity of local bodies to formulate and implement plan. Policies leading to promotion or failure of the climate change adaption and mitigation efforts Environment Friendly Local Governance, 2013 - Provides clear planning steps (from grassroots level to National level) - Major sectors: Natural resources conservation and efficient use Urban greenery and beautification Waste management Disaster risk reduction - Assists in linking national policies to local action plans - Promotes climate friendly indigenous knowledge and practices - Lack of fund is a major setback on its nationwide implementation Opportunities and ways to integrate climate change into policies Application of both bottom-up and top-down approach is necessary to integrate climate change agenda into policies. It can be approached through: Bottom-up approach: Educate local people on climate change impact through awareness campaigns, Mobilize community based organizations at ward level such as Ward Citizen Forums, Citizen Awareness Center in all local bodies to implement of plans at local level. Top-down approach: Increase sensitivity of the government agencies and local government on the issues and impacts of climate change through capacity building programs as well as institutional arrangement Integrate of climate change issues in Annual Measurement of Minimum Condition and Performance Measure of the municipalities that mandates them to address the issue of climate change in annual plans and programs Implementation of National Urban Development Strategy, 2015 that promotes multihazard approach in dealing with disaster with special attention to climate change. It emphasizes on generating information on climate change in urban areas of different ecological regions Sources of climate change financing Environment Special Fund in MoSTE is the major source of fund of the government. Local fund for climate change adaptation is provided through District Development Committee to Village Development Committees. Out of 27 ministries, 11 have climate change related programs. Among these 11 ministries ten are line ministries. The remaining one—Ministry of Finance has budget set aside for financing the internal loan and share investment for hydroelectricity project and water sector development programs. Options /opportunities for increasing the funding of local climate change action • Climate Change Policy demands establishment of Climate Change Fund, that can play vital role in establishing funding mechanism and resources for local climate change actions. • Increase in Inter Government Fiscal Transfer from the government to municipalities, also to cater to climate change initiatives • Earmarking budgets in the government plans and programs for climate change EFLG, 2013 is being implemented in 33 municipalities in 12 districts. It needs financial support for its nationwide implementation in all 191 municipalities. LAPA, 2011 is being executed in 60 Village Development Committees (VDCs) in 12 districts. Nepal Climate Change Support Programme (NCCSP) 2013-15, is being implemented in 69 VDC sand 1 Municipality of Mid and Far western region. National Urban Development Strategy, 2015 stresses in creation of robust database on climate change trend and impact in urban areas. Capacity of government to respond to climate change - MoSTE is the responsible agency for formulation of climate change related policies and plans. • MoFALD is responsible to localize climate issues through Local Government. - MoSTE has established Environment Department to address environment related issues that includes climate change. - Each ministry has a separate environment section to make their plans and programs that are environment sensitive. - Policies and manuals regarding climate change are in place. However, its implementation is weak. - Lack of technical capacity at local level is hindrance for application of plans - Need of legislative support for climate change initiative Forms of support for building the capacity of local governments/bodies Capacity building Requires tool kits that are instructive and can be practiced and operationalized at the ground level. Need to increase technical capacity at local level through trainings Legal basis A strong legal backing is needed to implement the policy as a crosscutting issue. Need to revise EPA and EPR to address aspects of climate change Financial support Significant investment is needed to implement existing plans and integrate climate change as cross-cutting issue in new dev. programs. Database system Micro/local level information and data regarding changing precipitation pattern, and temperature change should be prepared. Institutional arrangements Key national level actors: • Ministry of Urban Development, • Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development, • Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport • Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology • Ministry of Finance Ways to internalize climate change in their agenda: • Promote research based approach backed by knowledge/evidences on incidences and impacts of climate change. • Build awareness and engagement through capacity building programs. Proposed activities • Prepare urban area focused micro level database on incidences and impact of climate change. • Conduct capacity building programs to educate policy makers, technical experts and communities for integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation approach in their agenda. • Prepare annual programs that integrate climate change as a cross cutting issue • Establish monitoring and evaluation system to evaluate the activities regarding climate change Thank you !