Download Proposal for funding for the Preparation of

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Global Environment Facility
Proposal for Funding for the Preparation of
NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAM OF ACTION (NAPA)
COUNTRY NAME:
Kingdom of Cambodia
P ROJECT T ITLE:
Program of Action for Adaptation to Climate
Change
GEF IMPLEMENTING AGENCY :
United Nations Development Programme
GEF OPERATIONAL F OCAL P OINT:
Ministry of Environment
CLIMATE CHANGE F OCAL P OINT:
Ministry of Environment
NATIONAL E XECUTING A GENCY:
Ministry of Environment
COUNTRY E LIGIBILITY:
(i) LDC STATUS
Cambodia is an LDC
(ii) DATE OF UNFCCC R ATIFICATION
18 December 1995
GEF F INANCING :
US$ 199,500
G OVERNMENT CONTRIBUTION :
E STIMATED T OTAL B UDGET:
US$ 199,500
E STIMATED STARTING D ATE :
01 January 2003
DURATION :
15 months
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1. Background
The Kingdom of Cambodia is located in Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand,
between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos, with geographic coordinates at 13 00 0 N, 105 00 0E. It
has a total area of 181,0350 sq. km comprising 176,520 sq. km land area and 4,520 sq. of water
area. Cambodia’s coastline has a total length of 443 km. Notable in the geography of
Cambodia are paddies and forests dominated by the low, flat plains of the Mekong River and
Tonle Sap Great Lake basin.
Cambodia’s climate is tropical with rainy season coinciding with the monsoon season from
May to November, particularly between June and November when flooding usually occurs.
Occasionally, Cambodia is subjected to droughts during the dry season (from December to
April).
The 1998 official census recorded a population of 11,437,656 with an annual growth rate of
2.49%. Although the urban population has increased dramatically due to economic migration
of the rural population in recent years, majority of people (85% in 1998) live in the rural areas.
The country has a very young demographic profile as a result of the combination of the heavy
death toll of the 1975-78 Khmer Rouge's period and the baby boom of the early 80's. About
42.8% of the population is between 0 to 14 years of age; and the female population accounts
for 52% of the total, the highest among the 10 countries of the SE Asian region.
After more than 30 years of civil war, Cambodia remains one of the least developed countries
in Asia and the world, with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita estimated at only $252. In
1998, nearly 36 percent of the population lives below the national poverty line of about $0.40
per day at current exchange rates. Although urban poverty gradually declined in the late 1990s,
the rural areas, where 80 percent of the population lives, experienced income stagnation and no
improvement in poverty incidence. According to UNDP's 2000 Human Development Report,
Cambodia's human development index is ranked at 136 of the 174 countries in the wo rld. An
alarming 75 percent of people living below the poverty line are reliant on agriculture as their
main or sole source of income.
Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-98 due to the regional economic crisis, civil
violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell off. In 1999, the first
full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at
4%. GDP growth for 2000 had been projected to reach 5.5%, but the worst flooding in 70 years
severely damaged agricultural crops, and high oil prices hurt industrial production, and growth
for the year is estimated at only 4%.
The long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge.
The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden
countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed
political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and
delay foreign aid. On the brighter side, the government is addressing these issues with
assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors.
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Climate change and its direct and indirect effects are amongst the key environmental and
development issues that the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is seriously addressing.
The RGC is very much aware and concerned about environmental degradation and global
warming and their detrimental effects, particularly to an LDC like Cambodia. How climate
change will impact on agriculture is a real concern. Agriculture plays an important role in
supporting livelihood and national economy of Cambodia. Based on the availability of natural
resource for this sector, more than 80% of people are engaged on agriculture and the
contribution of agriculture sector is estimated at about 39% in 1999 (National Institute of
Statistics, Ministry of Planning). Although agriculture dominates the economy, accounting for
43 percent of GDP and 90 percent of employment, productivity is low. Rice is the mos t
important crop covering about 90 percent of cropped areas. Annual yields of paddy indicate an
average land productivity of less than 1.8 tons per hectare (t/ha) for the wet season crop and
3.0 t/ha for the dry season crop. These figures are far below levels attained in neighboring
countries such as Viet Nam, where irrigated dry season yields commonly exceed 6.0 t/ha.
Many constraints contribute to low yields such as lack of irrigation, lack of crop
diversification, poor roads and limited agricultural extension services, among others. Less than
12 percent of rice lands receive irrigation, the remainder rely on unpredictable seasonal rains.
Based on 1993 estimates, irrigated rice lands is 920 sq. km.
As an agrarian country, Cambodia is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The
country's entire agricultural production system is dependent on the annual flooding and
recession of Tonle Sap Great Lake, and is therefore particularly sensitive to potential changes
in local climate and monsoon regimes. The coastline, 435 km. long and large parts of the
Mekong River flood plain could be severely affected by sea level rise. As a tropical country,
Cambodia is vulnerable to a number of tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.
Weak health care system combined with predominated poverty and high illiteracy rate make
people more vulnerable to diseases that may become widespread due to climate change.
Among the many environmental issues include illegal logging activities throughout the country
and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand. These have
resulted in habitat loss, declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps
threatens natural fisheries) and soil erosion. In rural areas, a majority of the population does
not have access to potable water. These problems are foreseen to intensify in the climate
change setting.
The process of integrating climate change concerns into economic and social development
policies and plans is still in an embryonic stage as most of the government efforts so far have
been focusing on post-war rehabilitation of basic social services, infrastructure, and the
economy, which were severely damaged by the war. The process of establishing technical and
institutional capacity in the field of climate change took place in 1999 when the country started
to implement the first-ever climate change related project, the Cambodia's Climate Change
Enabling Activity Project (CCEAP) with support from UNDP/GEF.
It is very important that Cambodia gets immediate and urgent support to start adapting to the
current and anticipated adverse effects of climate change through NAPA. Delay in provision of
such support to action-oriented adaptation options could increase vulnerability or lead to
higher intervention costs at a later state.
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2. Institutional Context
The new Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia (1993) requires that the state should ensure
rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. Legislation to suppor t
sustainable development has been established: the Royal Decree on the Creation and
Designation of Protected Areas, the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Management, the Land Law, the Mineral Law, the Forestry Law, Pollution Control Su bdecrees, and the Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment. Others under preparation
are: the Fisheries Law, the Wildlife Law, the Law on Protected Area Management, etc.
The first environmental legislation of the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) in 1993 was
a Royal Decree on the Creation and Designation of Protected Areas. This Decree designated 23
areas of fragile and critical habitats, constituting approximately 18% of the total area of
Cambodia and one of the largest percentages in the region. The Royal Government intends to
increase that area to 25% by 2005 through the establishment of additional forest reserves in the
country. The Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management, which was
enacted in 1996, prescribes general goals that the RGC must achieve and general principles
that it must follow in developing legal requirements for environmental protection programs.
The Law requires the RGC to prepare national and regional environmental plans and to prepare
sub-decrees concerning a wide range of environmental issues, including environmental impact
assessment, pollution prevention and control, public participation and access to information.
The Ministry of Environment (MoE) of the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) was
established in 1993 with a mandate to promote environmental protection and conservation of
natural resources throughout the country. It operates in accordance with the principles to
which the Cambodian Government commits itself: (i) the recognition of the li nks between
poverty and environmental degradation; (ii) commitment to a participatory approach to deal
with environmental issues; (iii) acceptance of the need for an integrated approach to most
environmental problems; and, (iv) the importance of strengthening relevant institutions and to
awareness building.
MoE is both the GEF and UNFCCC National Focal Point. In August 2002 the MoE assumed
the UNFCCC National Focal Point position, indicating the government’s recognition of the
seriousness of climate change issues at quite a high level. MoE also has a crucial role to
implement international conventions, protocols, and agreement related to environment and
natural resources sectors.
Aside from the MoE, other government institutions which play important roles in
environmental management as part of their operational mandates include: the Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF); the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy
(MIME); the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MWRM); the Minist ry of Land
Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUC); the Ministry of Planning (MoP);
the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD); the Ministry of Tourism (MoT); the Ministry of
Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS); the Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC)
and the Cambodia National Mekong Committee (CNMC). However mechanisms for inter -
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agency and cross-sectoral cooperation and coordination amongst these institutions remain
largely informal and underdeveloped.
The translation of the legislative framework for environmental management in Cambodia into
detailed regulations and guidelines has only started and there are many regulatory gaps that
must be filled before the legislative framework can be fully functional.
3. Objectives and linkages to ongoing activities
General objectives:
The main objective of the NAPA is to identify priority activities and urgent actions needed by
a Least Developed Country (LDC) to expand the current coping range and enhance resilience
in a way that would promote the capacity to adapt to current climate variability and extremes,
and consequently to future climate change.
The proposed NAPA for Cambodia project is aimed to address the need to develop a
realistically achievable country-driven program of action for adaptation to climate change in
key sectors such as agriculture, forestry, water resources, coastal zone and human health. It
will specifically develop a program of priority activities addressing the urgent and immediate
needs and concerns of Cambodia, relating to the adverse effects of climate change. Cambodia
shares with other LDCs a low adaptive capacity to respond to climate change impacts, arising
from their weak socio-economic conditions.
Specific objectives:
The specific objectives of the Cambodian NAPA project are:
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Establishment of NAPA team and Steering Committee
Establishment of multidisciplinary integrated assessment team
Review, assessment and synthesis of available information on adverse impacts of current
climate variability, climate change
Performance of a participatory vulnerability assessment to current climate variability,
climate extremes and climate change
Identification of key climate change adaptation measures
Establishment or selection of methods or approaches for adaptation assessment suit able for
Cambodia
Application of selected methods or approaches for identifying and prioritizing adaptation
activities to climate variability and climate change
Development of the Cambodia National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA)
Facilitation of public and government review of NAPA
Dissemination of the NAPA document (including translation as necessary)
Linkages to completed and on-going initiatives:
Cambodia ratified the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on
December 18, 1995. This convention entered into force for Cambodia on March 17, 1996, thus
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making the country eligible for funding under the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC. In
August 1998, Cambodia started to implement a Climate Change Enabling Activity Project
(CCEAP) supported by GEF/UNDP and executed by MoE. The CCEAP has helped Cambodia
to meet its commitments under the UNFCCC through the preparation of a greenhouse gas
(GHG) inventory, an outlining of mitigation options, an analysis of vulnerability and
adaptability to change climate, preparation of a national action plan on climate change and of
Cambodia’s first national communication to the Convention. These studies and reports draw
out the considerable overlaps between global environmental objectives and local sustain able
development objectives, and the possibilities for win-win projects, which could both improve
livelihoods and reduce GHG emissions. Among the tangible outputs of the project is the
country’s Draft National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and the Initial National
Communication (INC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The
NAPCC is presently undergoing formal endorsement process, while the INC was submitted to
the UNFCCC during the COP8 Meeting in New Delhi in October 2002. It is intended that the
findings of the National Action Plan on Climate Change would be integrated in the next edition
of the National Environmental Action Plan, due in 2003. The INC Report to the UNFCCC sets
priorities and identifies needs to address climate change-related issues. It also outlined possible
options that the country could consider in mitigating, and adapting to adverse effects of,
climate change. It also mentions limitations in financial and technical capabilities to implement
these options, which include: (i) human resource development; (ii) institutional strengthening;
(iii) research and systematic observation; and, (iv) public awareness and education.
Building upon the priorities identified in the CCEAP, which was completed in December 2001,
Cambodia is presently implementing GEF Enabling Activity add-on to explore mechanisms
and capacity building related to technology transfer, scientific observation networks and the
establishment of emission factors database and improving activity data in Land Use Change
and Forestry sector. In addition, the Prime Minister signed the instrument of accession to the
Kyoto protocol on 4 June 2002, and indication of the country's commitments toward the global
efforts to combat climate change.
The NAPA for Cambodia will draw considerably upon the outputs derived from the
vulnerability and adaptation assessment activities of the CCEAP. At the same time, the
previous findings from the V&A assessment of the CCEA would be field validated and will be
used as guidance in the prioritization of sectors.
Other established UN-Convention and planned national action plans from which NAPA can
gain insights, identify measures and explore links and synergies are cited in the matrix below:
Convention
Convention
on BioDiversity
(CBD).
Status
Ratified –9
February19
95
Outputs
National
Biodiversity
Strategy and
Action Plan
(NBASP)
developed.
Remark
The Strategy provides a framework for
action at all levels, which will enhance
Cambodia’s ability to ensure the
productivity, diversity and integrity of its
natural systems and, as a result, its ability
as a nation to reduce poverty and improve
the quality of life of all Cambodians.
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Convention
Convention to
Combat
Desertificatio
n (CCD)
Status
Signed –15
October
1994
Ratified –
18 August
1997
January
1998
Stockholm
Convention
Signed - 23
May 2001
World
Summit on
Sustainable
Development
(WSSD)
Signed - 3
August
2001
Endorsed by
the Prime
Minister on
27 June
2002
Outputs
Draft National
Action Plan
prepared by the
Ministry of
Agriculture,
Forestry &
Fishery.
MoE prepared the
National
Environmental
Action Plan
(NEAP) 19982002
MoE has
prepared an
Enabling Activity
proposal
Established a
National
Preparatory
Committee of 10
Ministries
Development of a
National
Capacity Self
Assessment,
Remark
This plan focuses on two major areas,
namely soil fertility management and
conservation and forest rehabilitation.
The NEAP outlines a number of important
strategies aimed at finding solutions to
protect the country's natural resources,
which will require the participation and
cooperation of various ministries.
The main objectives of the proposed
project are to (i) prepare the ground for
implementation of the Convention in
Cambodia; (ii) to assist Cambodia in
meeting its reporting and other obligations
under the Convention; and (iii) to
strengthen Cambodia’s national capacity to
manage POPs and chemicals generally.
Assessment of the Government’s
sustainable development initiatives in four
thematic areas: good governance, health,
education, and sustainable use of natural
resources and environment.
Thorough assessment and analysis of the
capacity needs and constraints facing
Cambodia in environmental management,
in a coordinated and cross-sectoral manner
at the institutional level.
4. Project Activities and Outputs
4. 1. NAPA Process Initiation and Management
Activities
4.1.1
Development of ToR for NAPA Team - The Minister of Environment (MoE) with the
assistance of CCEAP Project Manager will develop draft of ToR for NAPA Team (role
and function, etc). The CCEAP Project Managers will consult with related agencies
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(stakeholders) including UNDP Local Office (through formal and informal meetings)
for finalization of the draft.
4.1.2
Establishment of NAPA Team and PSC - The Ministry of Environment will coordinate
with other related Ministries in determining the composition of the NAPA Team based
on the role and function of the Team as mentioned in the ToR.
4.1.3. Establishment of Project Steering Committee - A Project Steering Committee (PSC)
composed of senior level officials (at least Department Head level) of relevant
government agencies and stakeholder groups will be established to provide guidance
and support to the project activities and outputs. The PSC would meet at least three
times during the project. In addition, a broad and informal high-level supporting
network will be established. Members of the network will be invited to participate in
project events, to advise project development, and support project outputs.
4.1.4. Establishment of Multi-disciplinary Integrated Assessment Teams –A number of
sectoral working groups (hereinafter each referred to as the Team) will be established.
Each Team will consist of three experts: one expert in the technical field, one capacity
building expert, and one government official. Based on the findings from the previous
GEF-funded climate change enabling activities project (CCEAP) these sectors could
include Agriculture and Food Security, Forestry, Human Health, Coastal Zone and
Hydrology/Water Resources
4.1.5. Stakeholder consultation meetings - In order to cover the concerns of the entire
Cambodian citizenry regarding climate change, 3 sub-national consultations will be
held with multi-stakeholder involvement. These consultations will serve the purpose of
introducing and promoting the project (objectives, activities and outputs), getting
guidance and feedback from the regions, and identifying participants in future project
activities.
Outputs:
Established NAPA Team
Established Project Steering Committee
Established Multi-disciplinary Integrated Assessment Teams
4.2. Assessment and Prioritization
Activities:
4.2.1. Review, assess and synthesize available information on adverse impacts of current
climate variability, climate change; assessment of vulnerability
i) The Teams will review the V&A assessments that were made during the previous
CCEAP in the country and other V&A supported by other funding agencies,
including limitations (e.g. based on model; need to identify traditional knowledge -- see Annex2). They will also review and identify relevant past and current practices
for adaptation to climate change and climate variability in other countries
(particularly LDCs and SIDS). These will be compared to existing information
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regarding the Cambodia’s vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change,
climate variability and extreme weather events, as well as long-term climate change.
Each team will evaluate how and to what extent activities may address the specific
sectors.
ii) Participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability and extreme
events and associated risks - The participation of representatives of people at the
grassroots-level is essential for two reasons. First, they are able to provide
information on current coping strategies that the NAPA seeks to enhance. Second,
they will be affected the most by climatic impacts and hence will benefit the most
from the actions prioritized in the NAPA. Opportunities for the involvement of the
leaders of peoples’ organizations (fisher folks, farmers, etc.) and other organized
groups, planning officers of the local government units, private sector, NGOs and
civil-society organizations should be sought. Early engagement of people at the
grassroots level will be important in ensuring successful implementation of NAPA
activities.
4.2.2. Identification of adaptation measures and criteria for priority activities
i) Identification of past and current practices for adaptation to climate change, climate
variability and extreme weather events - Past and current practices for adaptation to
climate change and climate variability will be identified as related to existing
information regarding the country’s and coping strategies, including the national
strategies for sustainable development, the Programme of Action for the Least
Developed Countries, the United Nations development assistance frameworks, and
poverty reduction strategy papers, if available
This will be the synthesis of the core of the NAPA preparation process, and should
clearly articulate suggested courses of action based on specific vulnerabilities. This
long list of activities should be based on the assessments carried out by the NAPA
team, including very substantive involvement by stakeholders.
ii) Identification of key climate change adaptation measures - The CCEA have
information on the actual and potential adverse effects of climate change from its
vulnerability and adaptation assessments activities that suggest urgent actions to
address previously identified priorities. The multi-stakeholder dialogue would
emphasize the discussion of such actions and selection of priority activities.
Previously identified relevant adaptation options (see Annex 3) including capacity
building, policy reform, integration into sectoral policies and project-level activities
will serve as the seed information for potential adaptation measures or strategies.
Other anticipatory responses could be included as a result of the consultative
workshop.
iii) Identification and prioritization of criteria for priority activities - Based on the
preliminary assessments, priority sectors will be selected for in-depth evaluation
and action planning. A combined meeting of the Teams will present and discuss
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their preliminary findings. Later, a national workshop will be held to determine and
agree on priority sectors.
From the evaluation of the previous studies and efforts carried out to address
impacts of climate change, the sectors (e.g., agriculture, water resources, coastal
zones, health, etc.) that will be addressed in the NAPA will be identified. Because
of limited resources, there is a need to prioritize the sectors, thereby coming up with
a NAPA that will focus on critical areas, those that needs immediate and urgent
attention, or those wherein further delay in doing actions could increase
vulnerability, or lead to increased costs at a later stage.
This activity will involve the design and development of a set of locally driven
criteria and procedures that will be used in the identification and selection of sectors
that will be addressed in the NAPA. The NAPA Team will develop such set of
criteria taking into account that the process of deciding how to rank the sectors or
how to assign more weight to one sector over another could be largely political. As
in other development planning efforts, decision makers often balanced costs with
political acceptability to find the path of least resistance.
When identifying priority sectors, the NAPA team will quantify the related impacts
of climate change (and benefits from addressing such impacts) in the various sectors
to a reasonable level of detail. The results of Activity 2.2 will be used in
determining the impacts. The sectors will be prioritized objectively by ranking or
scoring them using the set of criteria that will be developed for such purpose. The
criteria suggested in the NAPA guidelines, such as: (1) Level or degree of adverse
effects of climate change; (2) Poverty reduction to enhance adaptive capacity; (3)
Synergy with other MEAs; and, (4) Cost-effectiveness, will be considered. In
addition, apart from financial considerations, there are other non-financial
considerations, which the NAPA Team may utilize. This include giving priority to
sectors that: (1) affect the greatest portion of the country’s population; (2) have
more applicable adaptation measures; and, (3) have adequate capacity that could
ensure effective implementation of planned adaptation measures.
The prioritization process and the selection criteria that will be developed will t ake
into consideration this aspect, and as such will come up with procedures for
resolving disagreements between stakeholder groups. The bases of the procedures
and selection criteria will be presented in a transparent way to all stakeholders,
including members of the high-level support network. The NAPA Team will come
up with strategies that will avoid potential disagreements and conflicts with, and
among, the various stakeholders. One way to do this is to build public support.
Citizen participation is the key to an effective NAPA. That means the NAPA
process must have the concerted involvement of a broad spectrum of citizens and
government agencies. It is very critical that people understand the linkage between
climate change and sustainable development and to ensure that the NAPA is linked
to the framework of the larger community. In the sub-national consultation
workshops, the NAPA Team will carry out awareness raising activities to show that
the NAPA share common concerns and help support achieving broader sustainable
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development goals. This is the whole essence of integrating NAPA into the national
and local development plans.
Based on the review of initial/previous V&A assessments, priority sectors will be
selected for in-depth evaluation and adaptation action planning. A combined
meeting of the multi-disciplinary teams will present and discuss the preliminary
selection of sectors. Later, a national workshop will be held to agree on priority
sectors.
Outputs:
Assessed vulnerability of priority sectors to current climate variability, climate
extremes and climate change
Synthesis report of vulnerability assessments
Identified adaptation measures and criteria for priority activities
4.3. Development of priority activities
Activities:
4.3.1. National and sub-national consultative process for short listing potential activities A
regional expert on V&A assessment will be recruited to support and facilitate the 5
multi-disciplinary teams that will carry out the required assessments. Preferably, the
regional national expert is somebody who has been involved in the previous CCEAP in
the country. The regional expert will review related international and national
documentation (in particular all NAPA-related documentation prepared by UNFCCC
and GEF) with regards to V&A assessments, and propose an assessment methodology
most suited to the Cambodia.
Having identified the sectors that will be covered in the NAPA, detailed assessments of
the sectors will be carried out:
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Assess vulnerability to climate change, current climate variability and extreme
weather events
Assess where climate change is causing increases in associated risks
Identify key climate-change adaptation measures, based, to the extent possible, on
the vulnerability and adaptation assessments
Identify measures that explore links and synergies with other established and/or
planned national action plans under the United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification and national biodiversity strategies and action plans under the
Convention on Biological Diversity.
The assessments will come up with recommended adaptation measures and policy
changes for the country that are complementary to the efforts for sustainable
development, and are aimed at protecting the country’s natural resources and
environment by reducing its vulnerability to climate change. These will also elaborate
on applicable recommendations in previous studies that provide directions on how the
potential effects of climate change and adaptation options can be factored into policy
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making. Note that those previously recommended measures, tentative as they may,
could be part of a strategy to deal with the impacts of climate change.
These proposed measures and projects (especially long-term projects) will be assessed
in terms of: (1) impacts of climate change; (2) relationship to adaptation needs; (3) the
presence of initiatives that reduce the capacity of the country to respond to climate
change; and, (4) potential for increasing vulnerability to climate change. Where
necessary, specific policy making frameworks that will adequately account for the
implications of climate change would be developed. The NAPA Team will assess
whether new policies are needed to support climate change adaptation efforts.
The detailed assessments will identify projects, programs and measures that support the
achievement, or overcome any deficiencies, of current national development goals.
These will also ensure that activities recommended within the NAPA complement and
do not duplicate plans already initiated.
A three-day training/planning workshop, participated in by all members of the multi disciplinary teams, will be conducted to determine the work-program and methodology
for assessment. The national V&A expert will facilitate this workshop.
4.3.2. Selection and identification of priority activities on the basis of agreed criteria Experts
will take a detailed look at the sectoral analysis reports and prepare a draft synthesis
report discussing priority activities addressing needs to cope with adverse effects of
climate change. The report will include a major section describing links and synergistic
opportunities with relevant existing and/or planned national action plans on sustainable
development, land degradation and biodiversity conservation. The draft synt hesis report
will be reviewed by 3 sub-national consultation workshops and 1 national workshop.
The detailed assessments will recommend specific projects, programs and measures (for
each priority sector) that will be considered for inclusion in the NAPA. This major
activity will involve the development of the proposed plan of actions that will address
needs arising from the adverse effects of climate change. The NAPA Team will:

Conduct of participatory workshops – The NAPA Team will organize and facilitate
3 sub-national consultative workshops to solicit inputs and proposal ideas in order
to help develop a short list of potential NAPA activities. This process will allow
adequate dialogue between the NAPA Team and the public.
The proposed NAPA activities/measures will be subject to public review. This will
entail wide dissemination of discussion papers, ensuring that all parties affected are
informed and consulted. The NAPA Team will come up with a procedure of such
communication process, which would include a workable way of ensuring feedback
from all concerned partied, particularly those that would directly and indirectly be
involved and/or benefited by the adaptation activities that will be implemented.

Selection of priority activities to address urgent and immediate adaptation needs –
A set of criteria will be developed and used for objectively selecting/prioritizing the
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proposed adaptation measures/activities. The NAPA Team could draw on the
criteria proposed by the NAPA guidelines in coming up with the set of criteria.

Prioritize adaptation measures - Based on the recommended climate change
adaptation measures from the detailed assessments and from the workshops, the
NAPA Team will prioritize these measures based on the set of criteria that was
developed.

Develop proposals for the implementation of the priority measures – The NAPA
team will prepare profiles of the projects to implement the prioritized measures,
which will form part of the country’s National Adaptation Program of Action. It
will make sure that the recommended adaptation activities/projects are in line with
existing frameworks and plans. This aspect is particularly important if the proposed
activity is something that is related to the safeguarding/maintenance/repair or
rehabilitation of vital systems, including infrastructure that would be critical in
achieving economic goals for the country.
One important aspect that will be addressed by the NAPA Team is the identification
and removal of potential barriers to the implementation of the NAPA activities. There
may be potentially serious barriers to implementing NAPAs, such as a lack of policies
to facilitate the implementation of the NAPA. These barriers (e.g., legal and policylevel inadequacies or inconsistencies, institutional, social, economic and cultural
barriers, lack of awareness of climate change issues, etc.) will be identified and
considered as among the immediate areas for intervention.
4.3.3
Prepare profiles of priority activities in the prescribed format - This activity will
summarize the results of the detailed adaptation analyses of the priority sectors. The
national V&A expert will review the sectoral analysis reports prepared by the multi disciplinary teams and prepare a synthesis report discussing priority activities
addressing needs to cope with adverse effects of climate change.
The report will include a major section describing links and synergistic opportunities
with relevant existing and/or planned national action plans on sustainable development,
land degradation and biodiversity conservation. The synthesis report will be presented
in a national workshop.
Outputs:
Short- listed potential activities
Identified and selected priority activities
4. 4. Preparation, review and finalization of NAPA
Activities:
4.4.1. Preparation and Presentation of the Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan - Development
of proposals for priority activities to address needs arising from the adverse effects of
climate change, including national/ sub-national consultations for the purpose. Based on
outputs from 3, an integrated adaptation strategy and action plan will be prepared by
13
each team. The strategy/action plan will identify prioritized activities to address
impacts of adverse effects of climate change. It will also indicate how eac h priority
activity is related/linked to ongoing and/or planned activities supporting sustainable
development and those related land degradation and biodiversity conservation. It will
also include a strategy for monitoring/evaluating the outcomes of the ac tion-oriented
adaptation options, possibly through activities supported by the project at a later time.
It will also cover stakeholder roles and responsibilities; partners and partnership
building; financing options; and time lines.
4.4.2. Public review - The NAPA will be prepared in an iterative manner. All drafts will be
reviewed in a participatory manner through The public review process could include an
open consultation on the document at the national, regional and local level, as well as a
sectoral/thematic review. After each consultation, the draft is revised accordingly. The
participation of men and women at the grassroots-level is essential for two reasons.
First, they are able to provide information on current coping strategies that the NAPA
seeks to enhance. Second, they will be affected the most by climatic impacts and hence
will benefit the most from the actions prioritized in the NAPA. Opportunities for the
involvement of the private sector, NGOs and civil-society organizations should be
sought. Early engagement of people at the grassroots level will be important in
ensuring successful implementation of NAPA activities.
4.4.3. Final Review of NAPA Document - The final draft NAPA document will be presented
in a workshop with national and international stakeholders. During the final review
process, the NAPA Team is expected to complete the revision referred to in activity
4.2. A team of government and civil society representatives will review the final NAPA
documents and the profiles, including the private sector, which may take into
consideration any advice solicited from the Least Developed Countries Expert Group.
The finalized NAPA will be submitted to and approved by concerned Ministers.
4.4.4. Translation and Public dissemination of NAPA Document - The NAPA document will
be translated to the Cambodian national language. This will be distributed to local
governments and target groups that are specifically impacted on by adverse effects of
climate change. An opportunity to distribute the NAPA document through the trimedia (radio, television and print) will also be highly desirable.
Outputs:
Draft National Adaptation Program of Action
Results of draft NAPA review
National Adaptation Program of Action Document
5. Institutional arrangements for oversight and coordination
The Project Steering Committee (PSC) will provide the political oversight and coordination of
the project. The MoE will chair the PSC and membership will include the Focal Points of the
UN Environmental Conventions, MPND, and MCST. It will be responsible for ensuring that
the outputs contribute to the sustainable development process in Cambodia and for establishing
linkages with the Government’s Project Coordinator and UNDP’s counterpart.
14
The MoE shall establish a Project Management Office (PMO). A senior MoE official will be
appointed as the National Project Director (NPD). The NPD will supervise activities, ensure
the timely provision of government inputs and be responsible to the Government and UNDP
for the achievement of results and outputs.
The PMO will be supervised by the NPD, with the support of a National Project Coordinator
(NPC). Two national Senior Policy Advisors, with expertise on capacity development and the
global environment, will provide guidance to the project process and will facilitate the
dissemination of project findings. The NPC, with guidance from the Senior Policy Advisors,
will prepare detailed Terms of Reference (TORS) for all activities. If necessary, international
experts will provide training on the selected adaptation assessment methodology.
National experts and sub-contractors will cover a range of expertise, including: global
environment; public participation; activities implementation; capacity development at the
systemic, institutional and individual levels; and, workshop organization and facilitation. Since
the MoE is both the GEF and UNFCCC focal point in Cambodia, it would be easy the
coordinate the project activities with the people who had earlier work on the CCEAP and
NBASP. They may in fact be tapped to participate in the NAPA project. Suitable experts from
the region may be invited to support and facilitate project activities processes.
Project coordination activities with all national and international related projects, including
POPs and preparations for WSSD will be the responsibility of MHAHE. It will exploit
opportunities to develop synergies with these projects, both in terms of technical outputs and
co-financing joint activities.
The NAPAs are specifically meant for LDCs and the proposed project is one of several NAPA
projects that will be developed in the Asia and the Pacific region. This provides a unique
opportunity for sharing experience and expertise across the region. The creation of a regional
NAPA network could be a possibility whereby the Cambodia NAPA project staff could
participate in the sharing of experience through regional workshops.
UNDP-Cambodia will monitor and support implementation of the NAPA formulation project
in line with standard procedures.
6. Timetable:
The development and preparation of Cambodia’ National Adaptation Programme of Action is
expected to take 15 months. Estimated start of project is January 2003 and completion is
March 2004.
15
PROJECT SCHEDULE
ACTIVITIES
1
2
3
NAPA Process Initiation and Management
i) Development of ToR for
NAPA Team
ii) Establishment of NAPA
Team, PSC and Multidisciplinary Teams
ii) Stakeholder consultation
meetings
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Assessment and Prioritization
1) Information gathering and
synthesis; assessment of
vulnerability
i) Gathering of available
information on adverse effects of
climate change and coping
strategies
ii) Synthesis of available
information on adverse effects of
climate change and coping
strategies
iii) Participatory assessment of
vulnerability to current climate
variability and extreme events
and associated risks
2). Identification of adaptation
measures and criteria for priority
activities
i) Identification of past and
current practices for adaptation
to climate change and climate
variability
ii) Identification of key climate
change adaptation
iii) Identification and prioritization
of criteria for priority activities
Development of priority activities
16
14
15
ACTIVITIES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1) National and sub-national
consultative process for short
listing potential activities
2) Selection and identification of
priority activities on the basis of
agreed criteria
3) Prepare profiles of priority
activities in the prescribed format
Preparation, review and finalization of NAPA
1) Public review
2) Final review by government
and civil society representatives
3) Printing, publishing and
translation of final NAPA
document
4) Dissemination
17
14
15
7. Budget (US $)
A CTIVITY
STOCKTA
KING
P ROCESS: (ASSESSMENTS,
C ONSULTATIONS ,
WORKSHOPS, ETC.)
P RODUCT :
A SSESSMENT
REPORTS /
T OTAL
STRATEGY AND
ACTION PLAN
NAPA Process Initiation and Management
i) Development of ToR for NAPA Team
ii) Stakeholder consultation meetings
(NAPA Process Initiation and Management)
TOTAL
Assessment and prioritization
1) Information gathering and synthesis,
assessment of vulnerability
i) Gathering of available information on
adverse effects of climate change and coping
strategies
ii) Synthesis of available information on
adverse effects of climate change and coping
strategies
iii) Participatory assessment of vulnerability to
current climate variability and extreme weather
events, and associated risks
2) Identification of adaptation measures, and
criteria for priority activities
i) Identification of past and current practices for
adaptation to climate change and climate
variability
ii) Identification of key climate change
adaptation measures
iii) Identification and prioritization of criteria for
selecting priority activities
(Assessment and prioritization)
TOTAL
Development of proposals for priority activities
1) National/ sub-national consultative process
for short listing potential activities
2) Selection and identification of priority
activities on the basis of agreed criteria
3) Prepare profiles of priority activities in the
prescribed format
(Development of proposals for priority
activities)
9,000
9,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
10,000
1,500
5,000
6,500
48,000
5,000
53,000
15,500
15,500
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
78,000
10,000
97,000
12,000
12,000
7,000
7,000
24,500
24,500
43,500
43,500
18
A CTIVITY
STOCKTA
KING
P ROCESS: (ASSESSMENTS,
C ONSULTATIONS ,
WORKSHOPS, ETC.)
P RODUCT :
A SSESSMENT
REPORTS /
T OTAL
STRATEGY AND
ACTION PLAN
TOTAL
Preparation, review and finalization of the NAPA
1) Public review
2) Final review by government and civil society
representatives
3) Printing, publishing and translation of the
final NAPA document
4) Dissemination
(Preparation, review and finalization of
NAPA) TOTAL
Technical assistance
1) Assistance requested from LDC expert
group
2) Other technical assistance
(Technical assistance)
TOTAL
Project coordination and management
(Project coordination and management)
3,500
TOTAL
TOTAL
12,500
9,000
1,500
10,500
1,000
1,000
10,000
2,500
15,000
15,000
1,500
18,500
1,500
29,000
0
10,000
10000
10000
13,500
1,000
18,000
157,500
29,500
199,500
19
Annex 1. Generic Terms of Reference for Major Project Inputs
NAPA Team
The national climate change focal point will set up a NAPA team composed of a lead agency
and representatives of stakeholders including government agencies and civil society. This
group would be constituted using an open and flexible process that will be inclusive and
transparent. The NAPA team will be responsible for preparing the NAPA and coordinating the
implementation of NAPA activities. The climate change focal point is asked to establish the
NAPA team, which may include the central development planning ministry in order to
mainstream the NAPA more effectively into development and poverty reduction plans. The
selection of civil-society representatives will require careful consideration to identify the most
appropriate participants, as civil-society participation will be a key factor in determining the
NAPA. Considering the importance of agriculture to Cambodia’s economy, an NGO
representative working at the local level on food and famine issues could be considered.
The NAPA team will work with a broader multidisciplinary team to conduct the tasks in the
preparation of the NAPA.
The NAPA team will assemble a multidisciplinary team: This will be the broader team
entrusted with undertaking most of the tasks associated with preparing the NAPA. It will span
to all relevant disciplines such as agriculture, forestry, human health, coastal zones and water
resources & hydrology. This multi-disciplinary team will work under the guidance of the
NAPA team and should include a social scientist familiar with participatory methods.

Establish a Project Management Office in the Ministry of Environment with a National
Project Director (NPD), National Project Coordinator (NPC), and 1-2 Senior Advisors.

Develop a specific work plan and prepare Terms of References (TORs) for all inputs,
participants and activities.

Investigate and share information with related initiatives and consider establishing firm
linkages, in terms of integrating objectives, procedures, and personnel.

Identify and consult with key stakeholders including members of relevant gove rnment
agencies, and representatives of donor institutions, regional and local authorities, the
production sector and civil society organizations.

Share information with NAPAs of other LDCs in order to benefit from their experience and
inform them of the implementation of the NAPA process in the Cambodia.

Conduct participatory consultative workshops – The NAPA Team will organize 5 subnational consultative workshops to solicit inputs and proposal ideas in order to help
develop a short list of potential NAPA activities. The outputs of the detailed assessments
carried out by the Teams will be the bases of the workshop discussions. The NAPA Team
will facilitate the workshops. This process will allow adequate dialogue between the NAPA
Team and the public.
20



Develop a set of country-driven criteria for selecting priority activities to address needs
arising from the adverse effects of climate change, drawing on the criteria proposed by the
NAPA guidelines.
Based on the recommended climate change adaptation measures from the workshop, as
well as those that are linked with national action plans on land degradation and biodiversity
conservation, prioritize these measures based on the set of criteria that was developed.
Develop proposals for the implementation of the priority activities, which will form part of
the country’s National Adaptation Program of Action.
Project Steering Committee
A Project Steering Committee (PSC) composed of senior level officials (at least Department
Head level) of relevant government agencies and stakeholder groups will be established to
provide guidance and support to the project activities and outputs. The PSC would meet at least
three times during the project. In addition, a broad and informal high -level supporting network
will be established. Members of the network will be invited to participate in project events, to
advise project development, and support project outputs.
At least twice during the project, Ministers of the core agencies involved in the project will be
briefed on project aims and status. These Ministers will be expected to formally endorse the
project outputs. If appropriate, some project outputs may be submitted to the President’s office
for government approval.
Multi-Disciplinary Teams
The different Teams will carry out detailed adaptation assessments in the priority sectors
assigned to them. Each Team will, among others:

Assess vulnerability to current climate variability and extreme weather events. Assess
where climate change is causing increases in associated risks. Results of previous findings
of the V&A assessment of the CCEA would be field validated and will be used as guidance
in the prioritization of sectors.

Identify key climate-change adaptation measures, based, to the extent possible, on the
vulnerability and adaptation assessments

Identify measures that explore links and synergies with other established and/or planned
national action plans under the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and
national biodiversity strategies and action plans under the Convention on Biological
Diversity.

Identify and prioritize country-driven criteria for selecting priority activities to address
needs arising from the adverse effects of climate change, drawing on the criteria proposed
by the NAPA guidelines. Some considerations could be invited to look into the
contribution of the sectors to Cambodia’s development of the following criteria
21
Annex 2. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments
The CCEA V&A Team has made initial findings on the first four sectors. In view of the
importance of water resources sector, the NAPA proposal is including the water resources
sector using complementary information based on existing plans and programs of the
appropriate Department. Water resources Sector is seen to play critical contribution to
agriculture in terms of water needs for irrigation, water quality for safe water availability and
fish habitats suitability, water resources management in terms of transportation sector
requirements, water-related hazards from the point of view of disaster management (floods and
droughts) and of the health sector in terms of water-borne diseases issues. Improving water
management is hoped to eventually include efficient distribution of safe water for domestic use,
which will relieve women and children from the hard work of fetching water from distant wells
or springs.
V&A Assessment Results Conducted by CCEAP
Sectors
FORESTRY
Methods of
Assessment
/Limitations
Methods of Assessment/Limitations/ Resulting Adverse
Impacts/Recommendations
Using Holdridge System, forest type in Cambodia under current conditions could be
classified into three, namely wet forest, moist forest and dry forest. (Hereafter, wet forest -2
and dry forest-1 are referred as wet forest and dry forest respectively). By overlaying
Holdrigde forest type with the current forest type, it was found that evergreen could be
found in all Holdridge’s forest types, i.e. wet forest, moist forest, and dry forest. This
indicates that Holdridge System was not consistent with the current forest classification
system. This is because the current system does not use bio -temperature, and mean annual
precipitation as a basis for the classification. For the simplicity, the subsequent analysis
only considers Holdridge Classification System.
Most of Cambodian forest can be categorized as dry forest according to Holdridge
Classification System. The area of wet and moist forests is almost equal, i.e. about 2.0
million ha.
22
Results
Recommendation
COASTAL
ZONE
Method of
Assessment
/Limitations
Results
Recommendation
The change in forest type due to climate change dep ends on type of Global Circulation
Models (GCM) and emission scenarios used in the analysis. This is because the change in
rainfall and temperature between the two GCM models and the two scenarios are different.
Using the CCSR model, it was suggested that in 2050, the area of wet forest would decrease
by about 11.5% in both emission scenarios (SRESA2 and SRESB1) and in 2100 it would
further decrease by about 72% and 28% under SRESA2 and SRESB1 emission scenarios
respectively. Under SRESA2, the area of moist forest would increase significantly from the
present condition up to 100% in 2050 and 200% in 2100, while under SRESB1; the percent
increase is much lower. Area of moist forest-2 may not change, but area of dry forest may
decrease, but the decrease is not as much as that occurring in wet forest.
A similar pattern of change was also observed with CSIRO model but the magnitude of
change was not as big as that in CCSR, except for moist forest. Under CSIRO model, the
area of moist forest-2 would decrease by about 33% under SRESA2 and no change under
SRESB1. As forest category under moist forest only includes evergreen, there is a big
potential that the area of evergreen forest would decrease quite significantly under changing
climate. Unwise use or mismanagement of the forest may enhance this change. In the
period between 1973 and 1998, the total area deforested amounted to about 2.8 million ha
(equivalent to decreasing rate of 2.1% per year or 100 thousand hectares per year. The
results of the analysis suggest that under changing climate the area of wet and dry forests
may decrease while moist forest may increase. If deforestation rates cannot be reduced,
disappearance of certain forest types may occur.
Each forest type contains many types of tree species. In evergreen forest for example, the
dominant tree species are Dipterocarpus dyeri, D. corbatus, D. Alalatus, Anisoptera
cochinchinensis, Hopea adorata, H. pierrei, Roherea vulgaris, and Syzysium, while the
coniferous forest is dominated by Pines forest (mainly in Kirirom area) and deciduous forest
is dominated by Dipterocarpus inticartus, D. obtisifolius, Shorea obtusa, Terminalia
tomentosa. These species may be significantly affected by rainfall and temperature changes
as indicated by studies in other countries. In India for example, net primary productivity of
teak plantation was significantly related to the precipitation effectiveness index (Achanta
and Kanetkar, 1996). A projected depletion of soil moisture would most likely caus e teak
productivity to decline from 5.40 m 3 /ha to 5.07 m 3 /ha. The productivity of moist deciduous
forests could also decline from 1.8 m 3 /ha to 1.5 m3 /ha. Therefore, future studies on the
impact of climate change on forest biodiversity and forest producti vity are necessary.
Simple drown model using topography as base parameter. The effect of sea level by less
than one meter on lad use could not be detected due to the low resolution of the elevation
map used.
Sea level increase of one meter and higher would inundate many costal areas of Cambodia,
specifically the province of Koh Kong. A total area of approximately 44 square kilometers
would be permanently under water (about .4% of the total land a rea of Koh Kong). The
mangrove ecosystem is the widest area to be submerged and about 56% of the settlement
area would also be flooded. The estimated economic loss from the damage to infrastructure
in the city would reach US $ 21 million.
This had to be validated by actual ground leveling and survey.
23
HUMAN
HEALTH
Methods of
Assessment/Limit
ations
The study showed that most of the 72% of the variability of malaria cases that occurred in
the last four years (1996-1999) can be explained by the variability of wet season rainfall
(WSR; May to October), dry season rainfall (DSR; November to April), mean annual
temperature (T mean) and percent literate people in the province (PL). The equation is as
follow:
Y = 24268 – 1.37 DSR + 1.55 WSR – 103 T mean – 342PL
The above equation indicates that the number of malaria cases is negatively correlated with
dry season rainfall, means of annual temperature and percent literate, and positively
correlated with wet season rainfall. PL was found to contribute to most of the variation in
malaria cases in Cambodia (46%) and followed by WSR (29%), Tmean (19%) and DSR
(6%).
Results
Based on the above equation, projection of malaria cases in the future climate under
SRESA2 and SRESB1 using two GCM models (CCSR and CSIRO) was developed with the
assumption that no change in literacy percentage from the current condition. It was found
that in the year 2050, malaria cases in most parts of southeastern provinces would be the
lowest and followed by the northwestern part of the country. However in reality, the highest
malaria risk region is in the northeastern part followed by the northwestern provinces. The
projection for northwestern provinces was lower than it would be expected based on the
actual malaria incidence. This is probably because the model could not capture the
variability of malaria cases in these provinces. This situation may arise as a result of the
use of unrepresentative data. Malaria cases from these provinces did not include remote
areas (forested and mountainous). These areas have been observed as the most high -risk
regions for malaria incidence (e.g. Pailin, Kravang district, etc.).
Recommendation
This limitation may lead to high uncertainty in projection in particular for this region. For
further study, it is recommended that the model needs to be updated using more extensive
data records that cover most of the sensitive areas.
Yield anomaly of wet season (WS) rice was positively correlated with May rainfall while
dry season rice was negatively correlated with March Rainfall. Positive correlation for WS
rice is expected since water shortages that occur during May, early stage of development or
vegetative growth for WS rice may reduce yield significantly. Negative correlation for DS
rice is expected since high rainfall in March may give negative impact to rice yield. During
this month crop requires more radiation for seed filling and ripening.
AGRICULTURE
Methods of
Assessment/Limit
ations
Results
In general the mean yield anomaly of wet season rice in the four provinces under changing
climate would be more than zero while those of dry season rice would be less than or equal
to zero. There is a chance that under changing climate, rice yield in some provinces would
be more variable than current conditions due to the increase in flood frequency and
intensity, in particular in rice growing areas surrounding Tonle Sap Lake and the Mekong
River.
Rice production in Battambang, Prey Veng and Takeo at present exceeds demand, while at
Kampong Cham there is a deficit of about 100,000 tons. Under changing climate, rice
production of the four provinces exceeds the demand. In 2025, rice production predictions
from these four provinces suggest that 56% of the national demand can be met and
increasing in 2050 to 67% of national demand under SRESA2 scenario and 65% under
SRESB1 scenario. In 2100, under SRESA2 the contribution of these four provinces to the
total national demand is predicted to be similar to that in 2050 while under SRESB1
predictions are lower.
24
Recommendation
As this study used a stochastic approach in evaluating the impact of climate change in rice
yield, some of determinant factors in crop growth and development are not taken into
account. Further studies for verification are therefore recommended. The use of a
deterministic approach would allow the capture of more factors that contribute to variability
of yield.
As mentioned earlier, the NAPA shall include the water resources sector in its V&A
assessment. In particular, the following aspects would be looked into:
Sector
Hydrology/
Water
Resources
Scope of Vulnerability Assessment
Inventory of Water Resources in
Cambodia, including traditional
knowledge in water storage
How are the resources affected by
current climate variability and
eventually, by future climate change
Look into incidences of water-related
hazards (floods and droughts) in
relations to extreme climate events
Proposed Adaptation Measures
Propagation of traditional knowledge
of water storage and improve within
the context of science and technology
(e.g. colmatage and “ang tuk”
Enhancement of management and
conservation policies
(To assure availability of safe water)
Establish flood/drought potentials
through hazard mapping.
Improved flood warning and
forecasting
25
Annex 3. Adaptation Strategies Proposed by the NAP and CCEA
Sectors
Forestry
Adaptation Strategies
Forest and land management
planning reform;
Status/Constraints/Other
Concerns
Under way as part of
government plans.
Establishment of Forest
Plantation
New forest law is expected to
be approved by the CM in
early 2002. Preparation of
forest concession management
plans is underway.
Responsible
Organizations
MOE, MAFF,
MLMUC, IOs,
UNDP, FAO,
ADB, NGOs.
Maps of land quality index for
tree plantations should be
verified or established.
Reforestation in damaged
areas, and tree planting in
rural and urban areas;
In-depth study on
vulnerability and adaptation
in Cambodia's forestry
sector*;
Protected areas management
and planning
implementation
Conservation of Protected
Areas
Improvement of forest
resource management.
Coastal
Zone
Comprehensive
Vulnerability and
Adaptation Assessment of
Cambodia's Coastal Zone to
Climate Change
Partially, this can be done
through the promotion of
improved silvicultural systems
and techniques (such as
reduced impact logging
techniques) to forest
concession holders
Support to NEAP and future
coastal zone management
plan.
MoE, MAFF,
MWRM,
NCDM, local
authority, IMO,
UNDP, GEF,
other donors
(DANIDA,
ADB, etc.).
26
Sectors
Adaptation Strategies
Establish cooperation
frameworks, training,
technology transfer,
surveillance of climate
change in case of sea level
rise, and the sharing of
experiences to assist the
government in establishing
preparedness and response
to climate change.
Environmental Management
of the Cambodian Coastal
Zone
Status/Constraints/Other
Concerns
Monitoring of sea level
Flooding Disaster
Management
Responsible
Organizations
This should be
coordinated with
the National
Committee for
Disaster
Management
(NCDM).
To improve living conditions
of the coastal population
through sustainable use and
development of the coastal
zone resources;
MoE, MAFF,
local authority,
MWRM, donors
(DANIDA,
ADB, etc.)
To integrate climate change
concerns into coastal zone
management.
Integrated Coastal
Management Demonstration
Project in Sihanoukville,
Cambodia
Ongoing under DANIDA TA.
Support to Implementation of
International Conventions on
Marine Pollution.
To prevent and reduce marine
pollution from land and sea
based sources;
International
Maritime
Organization
(IMO), UNDP,
GEF, Municipal
Govt. of
Sihanoukville,
PEMSEA1
To integrate climate change
concerns into coastal zone
management.
Ongoing with support from
IMO.
1
PEMSEA – Regional Program on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of the East Asia
27
Sectors
Adaptation Strategies
Comprehensive
Vulnerability and
Adaptation Assessment of
Cambodia's Coastal Zone to
Climate Change
Adaptation Strategy for Koh
Kong Province in Support to
future coastal zone
management plan
To prepare a detailed
adaptation strategy for Koh
Kong province;
Status/Constraints/Other
Concerns
Support to NEAP and future
coastal zone management
plan.
Ongoing under DANIDA TA.
New proposal. A very general
desk study has been conducted
by the Climate Change Project
(CMB/97/G31), which has
identified Koh Kong province
as the most vulnerable
province to sea level rise.
Responsible
Organizations
MoE, MAFF,
MWRM,
NCDM, local
authority, IMO,
UNDP, GEF,
other donors
(DANIDA,
ADB, etc.).
MoE, MAFF,
MWRM,
NCDM, local
authority, IMO,
UNDP, GEF,
other donors
(DANIDA,
ADB, etc.)
To implement the least-cost
adaptation options to
respond to the most urgent
threat of sea level rise to
Koh Kong;
Health
To raise people awareness
about climate change
impacts on coastal zone.
Introducing and expanding
control measures to reduce
malaria cases through early
diagnosis and treatment of
the disease;
Distribution of parathyroidtreated mosquito nets to
communities living in highrisk areas to control the
vectors;
Strengthening program
management and
supervisory practices and
funds for the provision of
mosquito nets and
insecticide; and
28
Sectors
Agriculture
Adaptation Strategies
Health education programs
with focus on low cost
preventive measures such as
improvement of personal
hygiene, use of bed nets and
destroying the insect
breeding sites.
Promotion of curative and
preventive measures for
vector-borne diseases;
Promotion of emergency
response system for sporadic
climate change disasters
Promotion of literacy
program;
Comprehensive and In-depth
Study on Vulnerability and
Adaptation (V&A)
Assessment to Climate
Change in Cambodia’s
Health Sector*.
Increase Consumption of
Non-Rice Crop Foods (crop
diversification)
Promotion of the Best
Available Rice Planting
System for Suitable
Land Areas
Development of irrigation
facilities in many parts of
low land areas;
Status/Constraints/Other
Concerns
MAFF has already developed
plans, such as improvement of
irrigation system and the high
yield variety development but
it does not focus on GHG
emission reduction.
Responsible
Organizations
MAFF, FAO,
MoE, MoI, and
NGOs.
Most people are not aware of
the effects of climate change.
MAFF has already prepared
plans, such as improvement of
irrigation system and the high
yield variety development but
it does not focus on GHG
emission reduction.
Most people are not aware of
the effect of climate change.
Increasing planting index in
suitable areas;
Improvement of genetic or
development of new high
yielding varieties;
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Sectors
Adaptation Strategies
Improvement of crop
management and cultural
practices;
Development of capacity to
adapt to current extreme
climate such as development
of early warning system to
extreme climate,
development maps showing
the provinces of rice
growing areas prone to flood
and drought;
Status/Constraints/Other
Concerns
Responsible
Organizations
Ministry of
Agriculture,
Department of
Meteorology
Government intervention to
regulate rice prices in both
periods of plenty and
deficient harvests due to
climate extremes.
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Annex 4: Prioritization process:
The prioritization process is a two-tiered approach. Given below are four general criteria,
which will be used to select priority adaptation activities from a long list of potential activities.




Level or degree of adverse effects of climate change (e.g., in terms of human lives saved,
food security and water availability)
Poverty reduction to enhance adaptive capacity (e.g., enhancement of health and wellbeing);
Synergy with other multilateral environmental agreements
Cost-effectiveness.
The selected NAPA activities will subsequently be ranked and prioritized. Other criteria s et
forth in the NAPA guideline could be used in further detailing.
Cambodia should be free to choose from these criteria as best suits their case. NAPA activities
must address convincing threats of climate and climate change, and information should be
provided that shows potential damages and how this damage would be avoided or reduced.
NAPA activities should demonstrate fiscal responsibility (cost-effectiveness), they must be
related to level of risk, and should complement important country goals, such a s overcoming
poverty to enhance adaptive capacity, and other environmental agreements.
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Annex 5. Possible adaptation strategies and the benefits they bring to multi-lateral environmental
agreements (MEAs)
Adapted from: “Review of Activities for the Promotion and Strengthening of Relationships with other Relevant Conventions and
Relevant International Organizations, Institutions and Agencies.” ICCD/COP3/9. 1999.
Adaptation Strategies
Disaster planning
framework: early warning
systems; emergency
measures to respond to
floods, droughts, etc.
Integrated watershed
management: agroforestry
(firewood, fodder, annual
crops), run-off harvesting
for trees and range
UNCCD
Help ensure protection of
vulnerable communities
(e.g., creating food and
water reserves, cattle
protection schemes).
No over-exploitation of
local water hence low
salinization risk; run-off
harvesting, terraces and
trees conserve soil.
CBD
Identification of fragile
ecosystems and species prior
to a crisis, to maximize
protection during and
following a disaster.
Conserves much of the
watershed’s biological
diversity, utilizes parts of it
thus contributing to overall
sustainability.
Intensive greenhouse
agriculture and aquaculture
(cash crops, fish, industrial
materials from algae)
High income per unit soil
and water used, thus
economizing on land and
water resources.
Reduced pressure on land
leaves habitats for in-situ
biodiversity conservation,
thus promoting its
utilization.
In-situ conservation of
biological resources,
wildlife conservation
Potential for economic
exploitation as an
alternative livelihood;
promotion of ecotourism.
Global benefits from dryland
biodiversity assets.
UNFCCC
Determine priority measures
to minimize loss of life and
damage to livelihoods as a
result of extreme weather
events.
Increases water retention and
hence its availability in times
of drought. Slows water
movement, reducing the risk
of flash floods. Maintains
vegetation as carbon sink and
reservoir.
Reduced pressure on land (a)
allows conservation of
biodiversity resistant to
climate change; (b)
maintains carbon sink and
reservoir.
Conservation of genetic
diversity instrumental in
restoring climate change
damaged ecosystems.
32