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The Structure and Function of DNA CHAPTER 10 •The Hereditary Material: DNA or Protein? • DNA and RNA Structure • Deoxy- and ribonucleotides • Double helical structure of DNA • 5' and 3' ends • DNA Replication • DNA polymerase • Semiconservative replication •From Gene to Protein • Transcription and Translation Facts About Hereditary Material DNA: Structure and Replication • DNA – Was known to be a chemical in cells by the end of the nineteenth century. – Has the capacity to store genetic information. – Can be copied and passed from generation to generation. DNA and RNA Structure • DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. – They consist of chemical units called nucleotides. – The nucleotides are joined by a sugar-phosphate backbone. Hershey-Chase Experiment Phage T2 Reproductive Cycle DNA and RNA Structure DNA is a Double-Stranded Chain of Nucleotides DNA Chains Are Held Together By Nitrogenous Base H-Bonds Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix • James Watson and Francis Crick determined that DNA is a double helix in 1953. DNA Replication • When a cell or whole organism reproduces, a complete set of genetic instructions must pass from one generation to the next • DNA Replication occurs in S phase of Interphase • One DNA double-helix becomes two identical double helices: sister chromatids S G1 G2 M DNA Replication Each Chromosome “Unzips” as a New Complementary Strand is Synthesized Along Side the Old One Replication Figure 10.6 • DNA can be damaged by ultraviolet light. – The enzymes and proteins involved in replication can repair the damage. How Do Chromosomes Carry Information? A karyotype made from chromosomes of a single cell Central Dogma of Biology: How Shape and Form Are Dictated By DNA Genes Genotype: The genes carried in a cell for a particular trait Phenotype: The physical expression of genes for a particular trait A segment of DNA (gene) carries specific coded instructions for the making of a single proteins.