Download Exam 1 Study Guide

BIOL 211 Summer 2012
Exam 1 Study Guide
Monday, July 9th
125 points
4 short answer questions
40 points
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No complete sentences required, though you can write them if you want
Variable points (denoted next to the question)
You may draw structures as needed
25 multiple choice questions
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2 points each
1 essay question
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35 points
Plus…a couple points of extra credit
Chapter breakdown:
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10% Lecture 1 – Introduction to Biology
15% Lecture 2 – The Chemistry of Life
10% Lecture 3 – Water and Carbon
25% Lecture 4 – Biological Molecules
20% Lecture 5 – A Tour of the Cell
15% Lecture 6 – Cell Membranes
Example Questions
1. If DNA is composed of 20% thymine, what percentage of guanine will be present?
A) 20% B) 30% C) 60% D)10% E) 25%
2. White blood cells are responsible for engulfing and digesting foreign objects such as
bacteria and viruses. What organelle do you expect them to have a relatively large amount
of?
A) Lysosome B) Ribosome C) ER D) Golgi apparatus E) Mitochondria
3. This type of cell junction seals cells together into watertight sheets.
A) Microtubules B) Desmosomes C) Tight junctions D) Gap junctions
4. (Short answer) Draw out a picture of a lithium atom. Include all protons, neutrons, and
electrons in their appropriate shells.
8. (Short answer) In a protein, a glycine (small, nonpolar amino acid) is substituted with a
tyrosine (very large, polar amino acid). Describe the changes that might occur to its
function. Include the “lock and key” model of protein function, folding, and misfolding.
BIOL 211 Summer 2012
Possible Essay Questions
½ to ¾ of a page
1. What is ATP? Explain its structure, the role it plays in cells, the type of energy it
contains, and how it is produced.
2. What is protein folding? How does it contribute to protein’s functionality? Explain:
 What proteins are made of
 The four levels of protein folding
 The motifs found at each level (if any)
 The intermolecular forces that influence folding at each level
3. What are carbohydrates? Explain:
 What the two main types of carbohydrates are, with specific examples of
each
 The general structure of carbohydrates
 What monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are with specific
examples of each
4. What are lipids? Explain:
 The three types of lipids and their functions, with specific examples of each
 The structure of each of these three types
 The chemical properties (polarity, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, etc.) of the
three types
5. What are nucleic acids? Explain:
 The function of DNA and RNA
 The rough structure of DNA and RNA. Include complementary base-pairing,
5’ to 3’ directionality, etc. where appropriate
 The main differences between DNA and RNA
6. Explain the rough structure and include a brief description of the role of each of the
organelles of the eukaryotic cell. They include:
 Mitochondria
 Chloroplast
 Nucleus
 Ribosome
 Endomembrane system
o Golgi apparatus
o Smooth and rough ER
o Plasma membrane
o Lysosomes/peroxisomes
o Vacuoles
7. What is the fluid mosaic model? Explain the rough structure and role of each of the
components of the fluid mosaic model.
More on page 3
BIOL 211 Summer 2012
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Study Guide for Exam 1
Eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic cell structure
2nd law of thermodynamics, entropy
Heat, temperature, and energy
Isotope
Ionic bonding, covalent bonding
Polarity, electronegativity
Hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces
Evolution
In vivo, in vitro experiments
What is a gene
Scientific controls
Hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Acid, base, pH scale, buffer
Valence electrons and their role in
chemical reactivity
Hydrocarbons
Isomers
 Cis-trans isomers
Functional groups, and a few examples of
functional groups
Role of ATP in cells
‘Lock and key’ model of biological
molecules
Polymer, monomer
Dehydration reaction, hydrolysis reaction
Examples of monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides
o The two types of polysaccharide
and examples of each (structural
and storage)
Alpha and beta glucose
Glycosidic bond
The basic structure of each of the types of
lipids
Saturated, monounsaturated,
polyunsaturated, trans fats
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Why saturated and trans fats are bad for
you
Cholesterol’s role in animal cell
membranes
Nucleotides, complementary base-pairing
Phosphodiester bond
Antiparallel
Be able to summarize the structural
differences between DNA and RNA
Enzymes
Amino acids, polypeptides, protein
Peptide bond
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
structure, and the intermolecular forces
holding together each
Denaturation
Structure and function of each of the cell’s
organelles – plasma membrane,
mitochondria, lysosome, etc.
Endosymbiont theory
Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap
junctions
The components of the cytoskeleton –
which ones are responsible for what
function, not specific sizes
Fluid mosaic model
Glycoproteins, proteoglycans
Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Active vs. passive transport
Selective permeability
ABO blood group
Endocytosis, exocytosis
Phagocytosis