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BIOL 211 Summer 2012 Exam 1 Study Guide Monday, July 9th 125 points 4 short answer questions 40 points No complete sentences required, though you can write them if you want Variable points (denoted next to the question) You may draw structures as needed 25 multiple choice questions 2 points each 1 essay question 35 points Plus…a couple points of extra credit Chapter breakdown: 10% Lecture 1 – Introduction to Biology 15% Lecture 2 – The Chemistry of Life 10% Lecture 3 – Water and Carbon 25% Lecture 4 – Biological Molecules 20% Lecture 5 – A Tour of the Cell 15% Lecture 6 – Cell Membranes Example Questions 1. If DNA is composed of 20% thymine, what percentage of guanine will be present? A) 20% B) 30% C) 60% D)10% E) 25% 2. White blood cells are responsible for engulfing and digesting foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. What organelle do you expect them to have a relatively large amount of? A) Lysosome B) Ribosome C) ER D) Golgi apparatus E) Mitochondria 3. This type of cell junction seals cells together into watertight sheets. A) Microtubules B) Desmosomes C) Tight junctions D) Gap junctions 4. (Short answer) Draw out a picture of a lithium atom. Include all protons, neutrons, and electrons in their appropriate shells. 8. (Short answer) In a protein, a glycine (small, nonpolar amino acid) is substituted with a tyrosine (very large, polar amino acid). Describe the changes that might occur to its function. Include the “lock and key” model of protein function, folding, and misfolding. BIOL 211 Summer 2012 Possible Essay Questions ½ to ¾ of a page 1. What is ATP? Explain its structure, the role it plays in cells, the type of energy it contains, and how it is produced. 2. What is protein folding? How does it contribute to protein’s functionality? Explain: What proteins are made of The four levels of protein folding The motifs found at each level (if any) The intermolecular forces that influence folding at each level 3. What are carbohydrates? Explain: What the two main types of carbohydrates are, with specific examples of each The general structure of carbohydrates What monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are with specific examples of each 4. What are lipids? Explain: The three types of lipids and their functions, with specific examples of each The structure of each of these three types The chemical properties (polarity, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, etc.) of the three types 5. What are nucleic acids? Explain: The function of DNA and RNA The rough structure of DNA and RNA. Include complementary base-pairing, 5’ to 3’ directionality, etc. where appropriate The main differences between DNA and RNA 6. Explain the rough structure and include a brief description of the role of each of the organelles of the eukaryotic cell. They include: Mitochondria Chloroplast Nucleus Ribosome Endomembrane system o Golgi apparatus o Smooth and rough ER o Plasma membrane o Lysosomes/peroxisomes o Vacuoles 7. What is the fluid mosaic model? Explain the rough structure and role of each of the components of the fluid mosaic model. More on page 3 BIOL 211 Summer 2012 Study Guide for Exam 1 Eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic cell structure 2nd law of thermodynamics, entropy Heat, temperature, and energy Isotope Ionic bonding, covalent bonding Polarity, electronegativity Hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces Evolution In vivo, in vitro experiments What is a gene Scientific controls Hydrophilic, hydrophobic Acid, base, pH scale, buffer Valence electrons and their role in chemical reactivity Hydrocarbons Isomers Cis-trans isomers Functional groups, and a few examples of functional groups Role of ATP in cells ‘Lock and key’ model of biological molecules Polymer, monomer Dehydration reaction, hydrolysis reaction Examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides o The two types of polysaccharide and examples of each (structural and storage) Alpha and beta glucose Glycosidic bond The basic structure of each of the types of lipids Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans fats Why saturated and trans fats are bad for you Cholesterol’s role in animal cell membranes Nucleotides, complementary base-pairing Phosphodiester bond Antiparallel Be able to summarize the structural differences between DNA and RNA Enzymes Amino acids, polypeptides, protein Peptide bond Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure, and the intermolecular forces holding together each Denaturation Structure and function of each of the cell’s organelles – plasma membrane, mitochondria, lysosome, etc. Endosymbiont theory Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions The components of the cytoskeleton – which ones are responsible for what function, not specific sizes Fluid mosaic model Glycoproteins, proteoglycans Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion Active vs. passive transport Selective permeability ABO blood group Endocytosis, exocytosis Phagocytosis