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WELCOME TO UNIT 2 SEMINAR! LEARNING OBJECTIVES Characterize the major functions of the immune system. List examples of inappropriate responses of the immune system. Explain the difference between natural and acquired immunity. Slide 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES (CONT’D.) Describe the guidelines for universal precautions and infection control. Explain the destructive mechanisms in autoimmune diseases. SLE, RA Describe the symptoms and signs of pernicious anemia. Name the primary treatment. Describe the pathology and diagnostic criteria. Slide 3 ORDERLY FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Functional components of the immune system: lymphoid tissue Primary – thymus, bone marrow secondary – tonsils, adenoids, spleen, Peyer patches, appendix lymphocytes antibodies macrophages Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Slide 4 T cell and B cell Formation B cells are coated with immunoglobulins : give them the ability to recognize that foreign proteins and stimulate an antigen-antibody reaction. The immunoglobulins are usually all present during an immune response, but in varying amounts depending on the specific antigen involved and the overall health of the person. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights Slide 5reserved. TRUE OR FALSE Both T and B cells have common fetal origins but then their development continues in different tissues, thymus vs. bone marrow. ___________ ORDERLY FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (CONT’D.) Major functions of the immune system: Protect the body against foreign organisms Maintain homeostasis by eliminating damaged cells (phagocytosis) Recognize and guard against abnormal cells (inflammatory response) Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 ORDERLY FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (CONT’D.) Inappropriate responses of the immune system: Hyperactive (allergic) – excessive response Immunodeficient (e.g., AIDS) – inadequate response Autoimmune (e.g., SLE) – misdirected response Transplant rejection – attack to beneficial foreign tissues Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 nc. All ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Slide 9 IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES B cell deficiency : Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections T cell deficiency:Increased susceptibility to viral, fungal, and protozoan infections, TRUE OR FALSE: HIV attacks helper T lymphocytes ____________ Slide 10 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES Lymphocytes and antibodies: sensitized to develop against the body’s own organs or tissues. Triggers: disease, injury, metabolic changes, or mutation in immunologically competent cells. May also be caused by certain drugs or chemicals, trauma, or viral infection. Slide 11 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 1. hematopoietic disorders (e.g.neutropenia) 2. Renal disorders ( Goodpasture’s syndrome) 3. Connective tissue diseases SLE Scleroderma Sjogren syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Polymyositis AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Inflammation of skin, joints, nervous system, kidneys, lungs, and other organs. Butterfly rash across face may be present. Other rashes may appear on other exposed skin areas. Slide 13 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Butterfly face rash Alopecia Photosensitivity Raynaud’s phenomenon Thrombocytopenia Discoid skin lesion Nasopharyngeal ulceration Polyarthritis Pleuritis or pericarditis Protein or casts in the urine Hemolytic anemia False-positive serology Abnormal blood antibodies LE cells (leukocytes) present in lab testing Slide 14 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Chronic, inflammation and edema of the synovial membranes surrounding joints. Destruction of cartilage and adjacent bone. May produce weight loss, fever, and malaise. Joint pain and stiffness, especially in morning. Bilateral joint tenderness, edema, erythema, warmth. Slide 15 RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) CAUSE OF RA The exact cause is unknown Possibly viruses, bacteria, fungi Maybe even cigarette smoking SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT TYPES OF NSAIDS • Aspirin • Ibuprofen • Naproxen SIDE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH NSAIDS AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.) Ankylosing spondylitis Inflammation and ossification of the joints leading to decreased range of motion and spinal bone fusion. Sacroiliac spine area is usually affected first and results in recurring low back pain and morning stiffness. History may include inflammatory bowel disease, heel pain, and family incidence of arthritic conditions Slide 21 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.) Multiple sclerosis (MS) Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Demyelination of nerves occurs in the brain and spinal cord. Signs and symptoms are primarily neurologic and related to areas of myelin destruction. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.) Myasthenia gravis (MG) Chronic progressive neuromuscular disorder. Autoantibodies produced to acetylcholine receptor in muscle cells. Ineffective nerve-muscle junction results in severe weakness, difficulty talking and swallowing, drooping eyelids and diplopia. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.) Vasculitis Inflammation in the walls of blood vessels that may lead to necrosis, thrombus formation, and local infarct Can be classified as small vessel or systemic; affecting medium and large arteries Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All Slide 24 INFECTION CONTROL UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES (CONT’D.) Universal Precautions Thorough and frequent hand washing. Personal protective equipment worn as required by specific task (e.g. gloves, gown, goggles, mask). Proper disposal of all sharps in designated biohazard containers. No needle recap prior to disposal. Caution in handling of laboratory specimens. Proper containment and disinfection of blood and body fluid spills. Use clean mouthpieces and resuscitation bags. Slide 27 PRECAUTIONS WHAT DISEASE/CONDITION AM I?