Download Ch.08 - Learning

Ch. 8 - Learning
Classical conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)
Classical Conditioning
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Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat
Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation
Neutral Stimulus = Tone
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone
 When paired with the unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to
tone
Example
Example
Example
• Father spanks son for swearing.
• Son develops a strong fear of his father.
Father is a(n) _____________?
 Conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition
• Extinction
 Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of
elevators
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Operant Conditioning
• B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior)
• Associating behavior with its consequences
• E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to
receive a fish.
Reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement
 Give something a person wants
 Increases behavior
• E.g. Mother picking up a crying baby
 (Increases crying because of reinforcement)
• Negative reinforcement
 Remove an unwanted stimulus
• E.g. Sally has a drink after work to relieve (remove)
her anxiety
Pos. & Neg. Reinforcement
Primary & Secondary
reinforcers
• Primary = Innately reinforcing
 Food & Sex
• Secondary reinforcers
(Conditioned reinforcer)
 Associated with a primary reinforcer
 E.g. Money
Immediate Reinforcement
• Sally is more influenced by the current thrill on having sex,
than by the future prospect of pregnancy or a sexually
transmitted disease.
• As opposed to delayed reinforcement
 A Paycheck at the end of the month.
Reinforcement schedules
• Continuous
 Every time
• Partial (Intermittent)
 Fixed ratio
• $15 for every 3 pages you write
 Variable ratio
• $15 after varying # of pages
• (You do not know how many pages you will need to do before you get
paid again)
 Fixed Interval
• $15 for every hour you work
 Variable interval
• $15 given at various times during the day
Reinforcement Schedules
Overjustification effect
• Rewarding someone for doing something they already
enjoy may cause them to lose their intrinsic interest in the
task.
 Rewarding an already justifiable activity becomes “overjustified”
because of the additional reward.
Punishment
• Positive punishment
 Get something you don’t want ( a spanking)
• Negative punishment
 What you do want is taken away ( Television time)
• Problem with punishment
 Creates anger, fear, resistance
 Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable
behavior.
Punishment
Shaping
• Cookies to reinforce quiet play
• M&M therapy
Observational Learning
• Albert Bandura
• E.g. Child turning the key to start the car
 (without explicit training)
• Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad
• Modeling