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Transcript
Learning Ivan Pavlov Interested in the way behavior is conditioned by association. Conducted experiments to test behavioral responses to stumuli. Classical Conditioning Phases of Classical Conditioning Phases of Classical Conditioning Phases of Classical Conditioning Learning Factors • Number of pairings • Strength of UCS • Reliability of CS in predicting UCS • Occurrence of CS just before UCS Timing of CS before UCS Classical Conditioning Applied • Flooding • Systematic desensitization • Taste aversion (Smell aversion…) Systematic Desensitization RELAXING IMAGE (UCS) Relaxing Image paired with a FEARED OBJECT (CS) Calm (UCR) Calm (UCR) Systematic Desensitization Until finally The FEARED OBJECT (CS) Calm (CR) Thorndike's Law of Effect Strengthens Good Outcome Stimulus Response Weakens Bad Outcome Operant Conditioning Behavior followed by Reinforcement Increases chances of For Your Viewing Pleasure….Einstein the Parrot • http://tinyurl.com/52ydx B. F. Skinner Described operant conditioning. Investigated reward schedules. Beyond Basic Operant Conditioning • • • • • Generalization and discrimination Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Shaping Superstitious Behavior Primary and Secondary Reinforcers Reinforcement Schedules • Continuous Reinforcement • Fixed Ratio • Variable Ratio • Fixed Interval • Variable Interval Response Rate Typical Response Curves REWARDS Time Since Beginning Response Rate Typical Response Curves Variable Interval Variable Ratio Time Magnitude of Reinforcement Immediacy of Reinforcement TIME Reward vs.Punishment Makes a behavior more likely Combination Makes Causes Has no the aeffect behavior avoidance organism sifhabituation thethe of reward ofto less the avoid punishment, is previously greater punisher, likely, getting or ... the caught, or... than noted effects or... punishment is aversive, or... Punishment • Limitations • Alternatives – Removing – Behavior Modification – Token Economies – Time Outs But, humans aren’t rats... • Humans form hypotheses, and humans can learn through observation. • Hypothesis Testing • Insight Learning • Latent Learning – Tolman – Bandura (Observational Learning) Observational Learning People tend to imitate: –People they see as more like them –People who are rewarded –Prestigious people Cognitive and Social Learning • Learning from models – “Do as I do” – Learning from television Learning Types
