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Transcript
Learning
Ivan Pavlov
Interested in the
way behavior is
conditioned by
association.
Conducted
experiments to test
behavioral
responses to
stumuli.
Classical Conditioning
Phases of Classical
Conditioning
Phases of Classical
Conditioning
Phases of Classical
Conditioning
Learning Factors
• Number of pairings
• Strength of UCS
• Reliability of CS in predicting UCS
• Occurrence of CS just before UCS
Timing of CS before UCS
Classical Conditioning Applied
• Flooding
• Systematic desensitization
• Taste aversion (Smell aversion…)
Systematic Desensitization
RELAXING
IMAGE
(UCS)
Relaxing Image
paired with a
FEARED OBJECT
(CS)
Calm
(UCR)
Calm
(UCR)
Systematic Desensitization
Until finally
The FEARED
OBJECT
(CS)
Calm
(CR)
Thorndike's Law of Effect
Strengthens
Good
Outcome
Stimulus
Response
Weakens
Bad
Outcome
Operant Conditioning
Behavior
followed by
Reinforcement
Increases
chances of
For Your Viewing
Pleasure….Einstein the Parrot
• http://tinyurl.com/52ydx
B. F. Skinner
Described operant
conditioning.
Investigated reward
schedules.
Beyond Basic Operant Conditioning
•
•
•
•
•
Generalization and discrimination
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Shaping
Superstitious Behavior
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
Reinforcement Schedules
• Continuous Reinforcement
• Fixed Ratio
• Variable Ratio
• Fixed Interval
• Variable Interval
Response Rate
Typical Response Curves
REWARDS
Time Since Beginning
Response Rate
Typical Response Curves
Variable
Interval
Variable
Ratio
Time
Magnitude of Reinforcement
Immediacy of Reinforcement
TIME
Reward vs.Punishment
Makes a
behavior
more likely
Combination
Makes
Causes
Has
no the
aeffect
behavior
avoidance
organism
sifhabituation
thethe
of
reward
ofto
less
the
avoid
punishment,
is
previously
greater
punisher,
likely,
getting
or ... the
caught,
or...
than
noted
effects
or...
punishment
is aversive,
or...
Punishment
• Limitations
• Alternatives
– Removing
– Behavior Modification
– Token Economies
– Time Outs
But, humans aren’t rats...
• Humans form hypotheses, and
humans can learn through
observation.
• Hypothesis Testing
• Insight Learning
• Latent Learning
– Tolman
– Bandura (Observational Learning)
Observational Learning
People tend to imitate:
–People they see as more like them
–People who are rewarded
–Prestigious people
Cognitive and Social Learning
• Learning from models
– “Do as I do”
– Learning from television
Learning Types