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Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Module 10
Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Operant Conditioning
– the consequences that follow some behavior increase or
decrease the likelihood of that behavior’s occurrence in the
future
– BICOC (behavior is contingent on consequences)
– Goal-directed behavior
– Goal: increase or decrease the rate of some response
– Voluntary/emitted/performed response
•
•
Edward Lee Thorndike (cats in the puzzle box)
Law of Effect--behaviors followed by positive consequences
are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative
consequences are weakened
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (Skinner box/rats)
– Invented the Air Crib and a Pigeon-guided missile
Thorndike states a general principle-Skinner explained how it
worked and provided a way to measure
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Skinner Box
•
Principles and procedures
– Skinner box
– automated to record the animal’s bar presses and deliver
food pellets
– an efficient way to study how an animal’s ongoing
behaviors may be modified by changing the consequences
of what happens after a bar press
– 3 factors in operant conditioning of a rat
1. a hungry rat will be more willing to eat the food reward
2. operant response: condition the rat to press the bar
3. shaping: procedure in which an experimenter
successively reinforces behaviors that lead up to or
approximate the desired behavior
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
p215 SKINNER BOX
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)
• Shaping (facing, touching, then pressing the bar)
– Facing the bar
• rat is put in box.
• when rat finally faces the bar, food pellet is
released
• rat sniffs the food pellet
– Touching the bar
• rat faces and moves towards the bar
• another pellet is released.
• Rat eats then wanders. Returning to sniff for a
pellet, another pellet is dropped into the cup.
Rat places a paw on the bar and another pellet
is released.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)
• Shaping
– Pressing the bar
• When rat touches bar pellet is released. Rat
eats and then puts paws back on bar and gets
another pellet. Wait for rat to now push bar
then release pellet.
• Rat soon presses bar over and over again to
get pellets.
• Rat’s behavior was reinforced as the rat leads
up to, or approximates, the desired behavior of
bar pressing
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Virtual Rat
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Operant conditioning in the classroom
• Hot, hot…cold, cold activity
• Need one volunteer to step out of class for a
moment
• Class chooses a behavior
• Volunteer returns
• Class shapes volunteer’s behavior by stating
“HOT, HOT” or “COLD, COLD”
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)
• Immediate reinforcement
– reinforcer should follow immediately after the
desired behavior
– if reinforcer is delayed, the animal may be
reinforced for some undesired or superstitious
behavior
• Superstitious behavior
– behavior that increases in frequency because its
occurrence is accidentally paired with the delivery
of a reinforcer
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)
• Examples of operant conditioning
– Toilet training, food refusal, increasing study
• target behavior
• preparation
• reinforcers
• shaping
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
• Consequences
– consequences are contingent on behavior
• Reinforcement
– consequence that occurs after a behavior and
increases the chance that the behavior will occur
again
• Punishment
– consequence that occurs after a behavior and
decreases the chance that the behavior will occur
again
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
• Reinforcement
– Positive reinforcement
• refers to the presentation of a stimulus that
increases the probability that a behavior will
occur again
– Negative reinforcement
• refers to an aversive stimulus whose removal
increases the likelihood that the preceding
response will occur again
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Reinforcement & Punishment
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Punishment
1.
Reinforcement = increases behavior
Punishment = decreases behavior
Positive = giving / adding to
Negative = taking away
2.
Positive Punishment
3.
Negative Reinforcement
4.
A child swears and
is spanked.
A person takes an
aspirin to get rid of
a headache.
A teenager is put
on restriction for
taking the car
without asking.
A student studies
and gets an A.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Reinforcement = increases behavior
Punishment = decreases behavior
Positive = giving / adding to
Negative = taking away
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Punishment
A
Take-away
Positive Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
Spanking
Aspirin
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
• Reinforcers
– Primary reinforcers
• stimulus such as food, water, or sex, that is
innately satisfying and requires no learning on
the part of the subject to become pleasurable
– Secondary reinforcers
• any stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing
power through experience; secondary
reinforcers are learned, such as by being
paired with primary reinforcers or other
secondary reinforcers (Examples: coupons,
money, grades, praise, pizza party, etc.)
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
• Punishment
– Positive punishment
• refers to presenting an aversive (unpleasant)
stimulus after a response
– Negative punishment
• refers to removing a reinforcing stimulus after
a response
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Cognitive Learning
• Cognitive learning
– involves mental processes, such as attention and
memory
Albert Bandura (Bobo doll)
– children who had watched the film of an adult
modeling aggressive behavior played more
aggressively than children who had not seen the
film
– learning through observation or imitation
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
COGNITIVE LEARNING
• Three viewpoints of cognitive learning
– against: B. F. Skinner
– Skinner said, “As far as I’m concerned, cognitive
science is the creationism (downfall) of
psychology”.
– in favor: Edward Tolman
– explored hidden mental processes
– cognitive map: a mental representation in the
brain of the layout of an environment and its
features
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)
• Three viewpoints of cognitive learning
– in favor: Albert Bandura
– Bandura focused on how humans learn through
observing things
• Social cognitive learning theory
– results from watching, and modeling and does not
require the observer to perform any observable
behavior or receive any observable reward
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)
• Four processes: Attention, Memory, Imitation,
Motivation
– Attention
• observer must pay attention to what the model
says or does
– Memory
• observer must store or remember the
information so that it can be retrieved and used
later
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)
• Bandura’s social cognitive theory
• Four processes (cont.)
– Imitation
• observer must be able to use the remembered
information to guide his or her own actions and
thus imitate the model’s behavior
– Motivation
• observer must have some reason or incentive
to imitate the model’s behavior.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)
• Insight learning
– Insight
• a mental process marked by the sudden and
expected solution to a problem: a
phenomenon often called the “ah-ha!”
experience.
• Thorndike tried to show cats learned through
insight
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Definition
– Biological factors
• refer to innate tendencies or predispositions
that may either facilitate or inhibit certain kinds
of learning
– Imprinting
• refers to inherited tendencies or responses
that are displayed by newborn animals when
they encounter certain stimuli in their
environment