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Transcript
Learning & Reinforcement HRMOB 570 Theories of Learning • Classical conditioning • Reinforcement Theory • Social Cognitive (aka Social Learning) Theory Reinforcement Theory • Definition: a consequence that increases likelihood of response – positive: application of pleasant – negative: removal of aversive • Types of reinforcers: – Positive – Aversive Types of Reinforcement Apply Reward Aversive Withdraw Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous • Intermittent: – Interval • Fixed • Variable – Ratio • Fixed • Variable Behavior Modification • Identify behaviors that are CLEARLY related to performance • Measure natural occurrence of behavior across time • Identify events that precipitate the behavior as well as the consequences of the behavior • Develop an intervention strategy: – Pick reinforcer(s) – Decide on a schedule of reinforcement – Implement schedule – Chart behavior change over time – Revise strategy if necessary • Assess behavioral change Maximizing the Effectiveness of Reinforcement • More likely to work when: – Rewards are valued (give CHOICE!) – Regular feedback on performance – Reward closely follows desired behavior – Person knows what is expected and how they will be rewarded – Rewards are administered fairly and consistently • Common Problems: – Reinforcement not immediate – Reinforcement is non-contingent – Reward is not powerful enough – Inconsistent distribution Some Guidelines Regarding Punishment • “Hot Stove” rule – Swift – Relatively intense – Impersonal – Focus is on behavior – Consistent – Describe alternative acceptable behavior Social Cognitive Theory • Vicarious learning • Performance is the result of: – Goals – self-efficacy – emotional reactions Learning Styles • Concrete Experiencing (thinking) • Reflective Observation (watching) • Abstract Conceptualizing (thinking) • Active Experimentation (doing)
