Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Self-categorization theory wikipedia , lookup
Group dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Interpersonal attraction wikipedia , lookup
Impression formation wikipedia , lookup
James M. Honeycutt wikipedia , lookup
Self-serving bias wikipedia , lookup
Albert Bandura wikipedia , lookup
Social tuning wikipedia , lookup
Attitude change wikipedia , lookup
Introspection illusion wikipedia , lookup
False consensus effect wikipedia , lookup
What is social psychology? What is person perception? What is a schema? What is illusory correlation? What’s fundamental attribution error? What’s self fulfilling prophesy? What’s attribution? Fundamental attribution error? Internal vs. external attributions? What’s self serving bias? Individualist vs collective societies? Persuasion techniques? Stanley Milgram’s experiment? Jane Elliot’s Blue Eyes Brown Eyes Experiment? Bystander effect? Psychology of attraction? What is love? What is Social Psychology? Study of how our thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others. Or How people influence each other. What is Person perception? PP is the process of forming impressions of others. We dress up for job interviews and maybe dress down for our friend’s party. We might not mention embarrassing stuff about ourselves. Effects of physical appearance People tend to ascribe desirable personality characteristics to good looking people, see them as more sociable, friendly, poised, warm, well-adjusted than ugly people. In reality. . . Research indicates there is little correlation between attractiveness and personality traits. It sucks to be good looking Because people tend to downplay our accomplishments and attribute them to our good looks. Interpersonal Attraction Ladies, which do you prefer? Although prejudice prevails against women, more people feel positively toward women than men. Women rated picture b [feminized] higher (66%) for a matrimonial ad (Perrett & others, 1998). Professor Dave Perrett, St. Andrews University Ladies, which do you prefer? The right one is said to be keener on long term relationships. Guys, which do you prefer? Men think the composite face on the right is keener on short term sex Evolutionary Perspective on attractiveness Female attractiveness is related to child-bearing features: big breasts, curvy hips, overall health and vigor. Male attractiveness is related to man’s ability to protect and provide. Women (when ovulating) like strong shoulders and masculine features. Otherwise, women like more nurturing qualities. Facial symmetry is the most consistent factor for attractiveness. Social RelationsAttractiveness Mere Exposure Effect repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them Conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture Proximity Geographic nearness Mere exposure effect: Repeated exposure to something breeds liking. Reciprocal Liking You are more likely to like someone who likes you. Why? Except in elementary school!!!! Similarity Paula Abdul was wrong- opposites do NOT attract. Birds of the same feather do flock together. Similarity breeds content. Liking through Association • Classical Conditioning can play a part in attraction. • I love Theo’s Wings. If I see the same waitress every time I go there, I may begin to associate that waitress with the good feelings I get from Theo's. c Baby faces For partners, women prefer baby faced men, except when they are ovulating. Women prefer masculine men for affairs. In terms of competence, we prefer mature-looking men. Baby faced men are seen as more trustworthy, honest, relatively warm, submissive, helpless and naïve. Evidence suggests there is no association between baby-faced features and these traits. Masculine men are seen as competent, strong Social schemas Schema – organized clusters of ideas about something. In Piaget’s Preoperational stage, children have schemas about what a dog is. At first they think a dog is all furry animals with tails. Social schema Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people. We act differently at church than we do at a bar. We categorize people into groups like Emos, nerds, etc. We have a schema about how a professor’s office might look like or how a gangster should dress or how to write a paper for English. Stereotypes Type of schema A specific characteristic we assume somebody has because of their social schema. Oh, you are from Dallas. You must ride a horse to work! Subjectivity in Person Perception (confirmation bias?) We tend to notice behaviors in others that already fit our preconceived notions. We notice the Asians who get straight As. We notice the Emo who cuts themself. We notice the White guy who can’t dance. As we learned in the Perception chapter, we see what we expect to see! Subjectivity cont. . . We ignore events that do not fit with our stereotypes and tell ourselves that that is a rare exception. Ex: A redneck with a college degree. What is Illusory correlation? Occurs when people think they have confirmed their stereotypes more than they actually have. Ex. Saying you never met an honest lawyer when in fact you have met a few. Ex: You think all Black girls are sassy when in fact you have met many who aren’t. This is an error because of our confirmation bias. Evidence for illusory correlation. Subjects watched a video of a woman listening to classical music, drinking beer, and watching TV. If the subjects were told the woman was a librarian, then they remembered she listened to classical music. If the subjects were told she was a waitress, they remember the beer. Ingroup vs. out-group – just like in a high school cafeteria, in the wild, animals need to distinguish friend from foe. Ingroup bias - Those in our ingroup are viewed in a positive light, while those in the outgroup are viewed in terms of negative stereotypes. (they are inferior, they are all alike) Attributions? Think of the word “attribute” Attributions are inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others’ behavior. How do we explain other people’s behavior? Our own behavior? What is Fritz Heider’s Attribution Theory? http://www.stedwards.edu Attribution Theory: Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to say others’ behavior is caused by internal and external attributions. Fritz Heider Effects of Attribution How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it. Film Fundamental Attribution Error Refers to the observer’s bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others’ behavior. As a teacher, I might assume that a student who sleeps, doesn’t take notes and doesn’t try is dumb, lazy and an all around loser. This is wrong because students have external factors affecting this reality. Attributions We tend to explain our own bad behavior in terms of external factors. (I am a victim.) We tend to attribute others’ bad behavior in terms of internal factors. (They are a stupid loser.) Ex: We get into a fight. We say it happened to us. When other people get into a fight, we say those [insert racial epithet here] were getting aggressive with each other! Situational or dispositional Attributions? A teen crashes the car. One parent says it was because of the slippery road. Another says it’s because he wasn’t paying attention to driving. One parent uses dispositional attributes; the other uses situational attributes. What is Self Serving Bias? We attribute our success to personal/internal factors but attribute our failures to situational/external factors. Persuasion Techniques Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. Door in the face: ask for something big (a car) then ask for something small (a cell phone). Reciprocity: charities give you something like return address stickers hoping you will donate to their cause. Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination Stereotype: • Overgeneralized idea about a group of people. Prejudice: • Undeserved (usually negative) attitude towards a group of people. Ethnocentrism is an example of a prejudice. Discrimination: • An action based on a prejudice. Does perception change with race? Combating Prejudice Contact Theory • Contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made to work towards a superordinate goal. • Mere exposure Role Playing Affects Attitudes Zimbardo (1972) assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed roleappropriate attitudes. Self-fulfilling prophesy Originally published in the New Yorker Phillip G. Zimbardo, Inc. Cognitive dissonance Cognitive Dissonance Theory • People want to have consistent attitudes and behaviors….when they are not they experience dissonance (unpleasant tension). • Usually they will change their attitude. You have a belief that cheating on tests is bad. But you cheat on a test!!! The teacher was really bad so in that class it is OK. Cognitive Dissonance Group Pressure & Conformity . Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment Which line is equal to the standard line? After several others said “3” the subject would say “3”. William Vandivert/ Scientific American Asch’s Results • About 1/3 of the participants conformed. • 70% conformed at least once. To strengthen conformity: • • • • The group is unanimous The group is at least three people. One admires the group’s status One had made no prior commitment Conditions that Strengthen Conformity 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. One is made to feel incompetent or insecure. The group has at least three people. The group is unanimous. One admires the group’s status and attractiveness. One has no prior commitment to a response. The group observes one’s behavior. One’s culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard. Obedience to authority Stanley Milgram designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience. Courtesy of CUNY Graduate School and University Center People comply to social pressures. How would they respond to outright command? Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) Both Photos: © 1965 By Stanley Miligram, from the film Obedience, dist. by Penn State, Media Sales Milgram’s Study Milgram’s Study: Results Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others Social facilitation: Refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others. We perform better when we are competing. Michelle Agnis/ NYT Pictures Social Facilitation Social Loafing The tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually We pull harder by ourselves! Prosocial Behavior • Kitty Genovese case in Kew Gardens NY. Bystander Effect: Conditions in which people are more or less likely to help one another. In general…the more people around…the less chance of help….because of… • Diffusion of Responsibility Pluralistic Ignorance • People decide what to do by looking to others. • Deindividuation The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Mob behavior Bystander Intervention The decision-making process for bystander intervention. Akos Szilvasi/ Stock, oston Bystander Effect Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. Effects of Group Interaction Group Polarization enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes. Groupthink A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives. Attack on Pearl Harbor Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Watergate Cover-up Chernobyl Reactor Accident How Prejudiced are People? Over the duration of time many prejudices against interracial marriage, gender, homosexuality, and minorities have decreased. Racial & Gender Prejudice Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice, but prejudices still exist. Hindsight Bias After learning an outcome, the tendency to believe that we could have predicted it beforehand may contribute to blaming the victim and forming a prejudice against them. “I knew that Asian kid would be valedictorian!” Environment Even environmental temperature can lead to aggressive acts. Murders and rapes increased with the temperature in Houston. Frustration-Aggression Principle A principle in which frustration (caused by the blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression. Romantic Love Passionate Love: An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Two-factor theory of emotion 1. Physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal 2. Arousal from any source can enhance one emotion depending upon what we interpret or label the arousal Romantic Love Companionate Love: A deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. Courtship and Matrimony (from the collection of Werner Nekes)