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Chapter 16
Social Behavior – 8th Edition
Social Psychology
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Person perception
Attribution processes
Interpersonal attraction
Attitudes
Conformity and obedience
Behavior in groups
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Person Perception: Forming
Impressions of Others
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Effects of physical appearance
Cognitive/social schemas – Slide 4
Stereotypes
Prejudice and discrimination
Subjectivity in person perception
– Illusory correlation
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Evolutionary perspectives
– Ingroup - outgroup
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Attribution Processes: Explaining
Behavior
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Attributions
– Internal vs. External
– Kelley’s covariation model
– Attributions in success and failure – Figure 16.1
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Biases in attributions
– Fundamental attribution error - Figure 16.2
– Defensive attribution
– Self-serving bias – credit self for success, blame situation for
failure
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Cultural influences
– Individualism – collectivism
– Hokotede’s rankings - Figure 16.3
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Figure 16.1 Causes of Success and Failure: Attribution
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Close Relationships: Liking and Loving
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Key factors in attraction
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Perspectives on love
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Physical attractiveness
http://www.faceresearch.org/demos/average
Matching hypothesis
Similarity, Reciprocity
Romantic Ideals
Hatfield & Berscheid – Passionate vs. Companionate love
Sternberg – Intimacy, commitment, & passion – Figure 16.4
Hazen & Shaver – love as attachment - Figure 16.5
Attachment styles – attachment anxiety/avoidance – F 16.5
Evolutionary perspectives
– Mating priorities
– Mate poaching – Buss
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Internet and close relationships – F 16.7
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Facial Averaging and Physical Attractiveness
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Instructions and Background
This is a little demonstration in which you generate several
examples of average faces from the several that are given at
this web address:
http://www.faceresearch.org/demos/average
1. Click on any four female or male faces, and form your impression of
the attractiveness of the composite (average) face.
2. Press "reset." Now click on any ten female or male faces, and form
your impressions now.
3. Do it one more time; this time using a very large number of faces to
make your composite.
4. You should observe increasing attractiveness the more faces are
used to form your composite face.
5. I hope you had fun with this.
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Figure 16.4 –
Sternberg’s view
of love over time
Figure 16.5
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Attitudes and Attitude Change
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3 components
– cognitive, affective, and behavioral – Figure 16.8
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Factors in changing attitudes
– persuasion
– source, message, channel, and receiver – Figure 16.9
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Theories of attitude change
– Learning theory
• Classical conditioning and advertising – Figure 16.10
– Dissonance theory – Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) – Figure
16.11
– Self-perception theory – Figure 16.12
– Elaboration likelihood model – Figure 16.13
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Figure 16.8 – Components of Attitudes
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XXX16.9
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Figure 16 - 10 Classical conditioning
of attitudes in
advertising
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Figure 16.11
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Figure 16.12
Bem’s selfperception theory
Figure 16.13
Elaboration
likelihoood model
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Yielding to Others: Conformity
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Conformity – Solomon Asch (1950s)
– Group norm behavior
– Classic experiment - Figure 16.14
• Group size – increased conformity until 4 in incorrect
group then level, Figure 16.15
• Group unanimity
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Compliance
– Conforming to requested behavior
• Foot-in-door
• Door-in-the-face
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Yielding to Others: Obedience
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Obedience – Stanley Milgram (1960s)
– Controversial landmark experiment – Figure 16.16
• 65% gave highest shock level
• Many variations of basic experiment
– “I was just following orders”
• presence of a dissenter
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Behavior in Groups: The Power of the
Situation
 Social Roles
 Stanford Prison Study – p. 692-693
http://www.prisonexp.org/
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Behavior in Groups: The Influence of Other
People
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The bystander effect - Darley and Latane (1968)
– Diffusion of responsibility
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Group productivity and social loafing – Figure 16.17
Decision making in groups
Group Polarization - Figure 16.18
Groupthink
– Bay of Pigs
– NASA Shuttle disaster
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Figure 16.17
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Figure 16.18
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Understanding Prejudice
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Prejudice as an attitude – Figure 16.19
Prejudice and discrimination – Figure 16.20
Bias attribution of success and failure – Figure 16.21
Group competition – Sherif et al. (1961) study – field
experiment
Ingroups and outgroups
Threats to social identity – Figure 16.22
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Figure 16.19 The three potential components of prejudice as an attitude
Figure 16.20 Relationship between prejudice and discrimination
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Figure 16.21 Bias in the attributions used to explain success and failure by men and women
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