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Transcript
Step Up To: Psychology
Social PSI
Psychology, Eighth Edition
By David G. Myers
Chapter 18: Social Psychology
Conform
You’ve got an Attitude
It’s just natural.
Social Thinking
Do the right thing.
56
55
57
58
1. While watching a homeless person beg on the
street corner, George thinks, “He must be lazy. If
he would just get a job, he wouldn’t have to beg.”
It is likely George is illustrating:
•
•
•
•
A) good judgment.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) political bias.
D) stereotyping.
724
2. Asking for a small favor to increase your
chances of being successful when asking for
a larger one later is called:
•
•
•
•
A) bait-and-switch technique.
B) a con-artist strategy.
C) attitude adjustment.
D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
727
3. Phillip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford Prison
Experiment in the 70’s. His results could have
predicted problems of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib
in that:
• A) people will follow direct orders of a superior
when in the military.
• B) when we play a role long enough, social
norms can be as powerful as orders.
• C) we will easily scapegoat those different from
ourselves.
• D) people can not resist pressure to perform
evil action.
732
4. When we experience _____, we feel
tension when our actions do not coincide
with our beliefs.
•
•
•
•
A) cognitive dissonance.
B) actor-observer discrepancy.
C) personal perception.
D) self-serving bias.
728
5.
When we experience cognitive
dissonance, the response is most
often:
• A) to change our behavior to agree with our
attitudes.
• B) depression and self hatred.
• C) to change our attitudes in the direction of
our behavior.
• D) to feel extremely guilty for acting against
our beliefs.
728
6. Solomon Asch’s experiment about how
perceptions may be influenced by others
resulted in:
• A) more than a third of the people changing their
opinions to agree with others.
• B) most people changing their opinions to agree
with others.
• C) most everyone ignored what others said.
• D) a small minority changed their opinions to
agree with others.
737
7. For teens, it is especially important to
dress and act like their peers in order to be
accepted by the group. This pressure to
conform is called:
•
•
•
•
A) informational social influence.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) out-group homogeneity.
D) normative social influence.
733
8. The results of Milgram’s experiment
found:
• A) the subjects who continued knew it
wasn’t real.
• B) most subjects discontinued when shock
levels became extreme.
• C) most subjects continued to deliver the
highest level of shock.
• D) subjects had to be threatened to deliver
dangerous levels of shock.
736
9. Further experiments by Milgram helped to
identify factors influencing the outcome of
destructive obedience. These included all of the
following except:
• A) they volunteered to participate.
• B) being told the learners were not really being
harmed.
• C) the repetitive escalation of the task.
• D) the situation, or context, in which the
obedience occurred.
736
10. Milgram did not require his subjects to
shock people at the highest level at the
beginning, but to build up to it. He used
the:
•
•
•
•
A) cognitive dissonance theory.
B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) normative social influence.
D) social exchange theory.
727
11. According to social facilitation, if you are a
professional golfer, you are likely to perform
better if:
• A) you are playing alone with a friendly
audience.
• B) no one is watching.
• C) you are playing by yourself.
• D) you are playing against competition with a
friendly audience.
738
12. When people are working in a group on a
project rather than individually, there is likely
to be less effort by some, called:
•
•
•
•
A) social loafing.
B) competition.
C) self-serving bias.
D) cognitive dissonance.
739
13. When a group’s goal of harmony takes
precedence over rational decision-making,
they become involved in the process of:
•
•
•
•
A) social cognition.
B) group polarization.
C) group think.
D) fundamental attribution error.
740
14. An example of group polarization is:
• A) conservatives become more extreme after
listening to conservative talk radio.
• B) people believing they were abducted become
more convinced after chatting on the internet
with other abductees.
• C) prejudiced individuals get together and
become more prejudiced.
• D) all of the above.
740
15. When people lose themselves when in an
angry mob, this illustrates the process of:
•
•
•
•
A) self-serving bias.
B) deindividuation.
C) group think.
D) actor-observer discrepancy.
739
16. Prejudice is defined as:
• A) taking negative action toward people who
belong to a different social group.
• B) speaking badly about people who belong to
a different social group.
• C) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and
its members.
• D) all of the above.
743
17. The _____ theory offers an explanation
that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by
providing someone to blame.
•
•
•
•
A) scapegoat
B) prejudice
C) underdog
D) out-group
747
18. Rape victims are sometimes blamed for
wearing too revealing clothes and, “getting what
they deserved.” This false conclusion is based on:
•
•
•
•
A) the just-world hypothesis.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) social categorization.
D) social exchange theory.
748
19. Recent experiments of men viewing
violent pornography conclude:
• A) this can serve to provide an outlet for bottledup feelings, thus reducing violent acts.
• B) this increases violent acts toward women.
• C) there is no effect from viewing violent
pornography.
• D) men viewing such films are quickly repulsed
by such images.
754
20. “By pursuing our own self-interests and
not trusting others, we can end up losers.”
This statement is illustrated in:
•
•
•
•
A) the Jigsaw Classroom.
B) the in-group, out-group study.
C) Zimbardo’s prison experiment.
D) the social trap game.
757
21. The deep, affectionate attachment in a
lasting, mature love is called:
•
•
•
•
A) passionate love.
B) marital bliss.
C) companionate love.
D) altruism.
763
22. Your text mentions two key ingredients to
a lasting, loving relationship. One is equity, the
other is:
•
•
•
•
A) attractiveness.
B) compassion.
C) self-disclosure.
D) acceptance.
764
23. Kitty Genovese was killed while others
watched and listened. They knew others were
watching. Their behavior is explained the:
• A) apathy theory.
• B) prosocial behavior
phenomenon.
• C) altruism.
• D) bystander effect.
766
24: According to the bystander effect, if you
needed help you would be more likely to get
it if:
•
•
•
•
A) many people were present.
B) few people were present.
C) someone else was also helping.
D) no one knew you.
766
25. According to social exchange theory:
• A) we will help if we expect something in
return.
• B) we will help if the cost of helping is not
too high.
• C) when we help others we expect them to
help us.
• D) we help those who we feel are most
deserving.
766
Answers
1.
B
9.
D
17.
A
2.
D
10.
B
18.
A
3.
B
11.
D
19.
B
4.
A
12.
A
20.
D
5.
C
13.
C
21.
C
6.
B
14.
D
22.
C
7.
D
15.
B
23.
D
8.
C
16.
C
24.
B
25.
B