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Social Thinking Social Psychology scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another Attribution Theory tendency to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior using the situation or the person’s disposition Social Thinking Situationism judging behavior overestimate environmental conditions and underestimate personal disposition Fundamental Attribution Error judging behavior underestimate environment and overestimate personal disposition Attitude Predisposed feeling affecting response Social Thinking Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences Internal attitudes External influences Behavior Social Thinking How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it Tolerant reaction Situational attribution (proceed cautiously, allow driver a wide berth) Dispositional attribution “Crazy driver!” Unfavorable reaction “Maybe that driver is ill.” Negative behavior (Speed up and race past the other driver, craning to give them a dirty look) Kelley’s Attribution Logic (1) Does Susan regularly get angry in traffic jams? NO No personality or situational attribution YES (2) Do many other people get angry in traffic jams? YES Situational attribution: traffic jams make people mad NO (3) Does Susan get angry in many other situations? YES NO Personality attribution, general Personality attribution, particular Two-stage Model of Attributions Book example: Joe laughs hysterically while watching a TV comedy. What can we conclude? Observer’s goal Automatic Attribution Controlled Attribution What kind of person is Joe? Person: Joe laughs easily Revision: could be a funny show How funny is the TV comedy? Situation: the TV show is funny Revision: maybe Joe laughs easily Social Thinking Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon Once you agree to a small request, more likely to complete a large request Role Rules set that dictate situational or personal behavior Norms Expectations of what is appropriate Social Thinking Cognitive Dissonance Theory we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent example- why smokers rationalize the habit; why after buying a Prius you listen to the Prius pros in commercials rather than the news of faulty manufacturing practices Social Influence Conformity adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard Group Influences for Conformity Size of the majority Size of the discrepancy Presence of a partner who dissented More likely to Conform Judgment task is difficult or ambiguous Responses are public Group members perceived as competent When majority is unanimous video: Asch ex, adolescent conform, psych experiment, today solomon Social Influence Informational Social Influence influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality Normative Social Influence influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval Asch Effect A group majority influences individual judgments 1 Standard lines 3 2 Comparison lines Social Influence Percentage of 50 conformity to confederates’ 40 wrong answers Difficult judgments 30 20 10 Easy judgments 0 High Low Importance Slide 1 Slide 2 Participants judged which person in Slide 2 was the same as the person in Slide 1 Obedience to Authority Milgram’s experiment Getting Good people to do Bad things Percentage of subjects who obeyed experimenter 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 The majority of subjects continued to obey to the end 20 10 Very Intense Extreme Danger XXX 0 Slight Moderate Strong (15-60)(75-120) (135-180) strong (255-300) intensity severe (435-450) (195-240) (315-360) (375-420) Shock levels in volts Social Influence Testing facilitated communication Social Influence Social Facilitation improved performance when in small groups than alone occurs with simple or well-learned tasks Social Loafing people in a group exert less effort than when individually accountable Deindividuation Loss of sense of responsibility when in a group Social Facilitation Home Advantage in Major Team Sports Sport Games Studied Home Team Winning Percentage Baseball 23,034 53.5% Football 2,592 57.3 Ice hockey 4,322 61.1 Basketball 13,596 64.4 Soccer 37,202 69.0 Social Influence Group Polarization Within a group not similar ideas get more extreme and pronounced…politics Social Reality Subjective reality determined by what we find attractive, threatening, whom we seek/avoid Social Influence High +4 +3 +2 High-prejudice groups +1 Prejudice 0 Low-prejudice groups -1 -2 -3 Low -4 Before discussion After discussion If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions Social Influence Culture behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group Passed on by generations Personal Space buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies Social Influence Percentage agreeing “The activities of married women are best confined to home and family” Percentage 70 Gender Role 60 a set of expected behaviors for males and for females Men 50 40 30 20 10 0 1967 ‘71 Women ‘75 ‘79 ‘83 Year ‘87 ‘91 ‘95 Social Relations Prejudice an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action Stereotype a generalized (often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people Social Relations Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice Percentage 90 answering yes 80 70 60 Would you vote for a woman president? 50 40 30 Do whites have a right to keep minorities out of their neighborhoods? 20 10 0 1936 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 Year 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Social Relations In-group Bias favor one’s own group Scapegoat Theory outlet for anger by providing blaming someone else; often based on stereotype/prejudice Just-World Phenomenon to believe the world is just You get what you deserve and deserve what you get Social Relations Aggression any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy Frustration-Aggression Principle principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression (Road Rage) attempt to get to somewhere Social Relations Uncomfortably hot weather and aggression Murders and rapes per day in Houston, Texas 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 40-68 69-78 79-85 86-91 Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit 92-99 Social Relations Men who sexually coerce women Sexual promiscuity Coerciveness against women Hostile masculinity Social Relations Conflict perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas Social Trap a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior (Cold War, parent/child fight) Social Relations Person 1 Person 2 Choose B Choose A Choose A Choose B Optimal outcome Probable outcome Social trap by pursuing our selfinterest and not trusting others, we can end up losers Social RelationsAttractiveness Proximity mere exposure effect- repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them Physical Attractiveness youthfulness may be associated with health and fertility Similarity friends share common attitudes, beliefs, interests Attractiveness Worldwide, men prefer youth and health, women prefer resources and social status Social Relations Passionate Love an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship Companionate Love deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined Social Relations Equity a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it Self-disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others Altruism unselfish regard for the welfare of others Social Relations The decision-making process for bystander intervention Notices incident? No No help Yes Interprets incident as emergency? No No help Yes Assumes responsibility? No No help Yes Attempts to help Social Relations 100 Bystander Effect 90 Percentage 90 attempting 80 to help 80 tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 00 1 1 2 2 3 3 Number of others presumed available to help 4 4 Social Relations Social Exchange Theory social behavior is an exchange; maximize benefits and minimize costs Superordinate Goal Goal that supercedes individual goals causing cooperation Social Relations Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction (GRIT) Psych. strategy to decrease international disputes one group recognizes of mutual interests and gives a conciliation opening door for other group to reciprocate