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Chapter 7-4 Cell Structure and Function Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved A CELL is . . . Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html made of MOLECULES ATOMS ___________ MOLECULES ORGANELLES _______ ___________ ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS Cells __________ WITHOUT a NUCLEUS _____________ OR ORGANELLES surrounded MEMBRANES by _______________ WITH Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES PROKARYOTES = ________________ EUKARYOTES = _________________ Bacterial Cell http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Organelles suspended in gel-like goo ORGANELLEsmall structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm NUCLEUS Control center of the cell. Contain genes that control cell activities. Contains most of , cell’s DNA which is stored as chromatin DNA wrapped in protein Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Nucleolus Small, dense region in the nucleus. Involved in the synthesis of ribosomes which are important in protein synthesis. “Little nucleus” Makes RNA for ribosomes Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html Nuclear Envelope Double membrane, each consisting of a phospholipid bilayer. Perforated by nuclear pores which allow RNA molecules to leave the nucleus. Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF RIBOSOMES • Constructed in the nucleolus, these tiny, non membrane bound organelles are located in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These organelles function in protein synthesis, and can be either free (suspended in cytosol), or bound (attached to rough ER). Free ribosomes aid in the production of proteins that will stay in the cell, and bound ribosomes aid in the production of proteins that will be transported out of the cell. Image by: RIedell Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg RIBOSOMES Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network of hollow membrane tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html Extensive network continuous with the nuclear envelope. Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • Appear “rough” due to the presence of ribosomes all along the membrane. Function of • the rough ER is to modify and transport proteins. Most of • these proteins are packaged into vesicles (pieces of the membrane that act as a protective sac) • and shuttled to the Golgi Apparatus. Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG • Similar to rough ER in structure, except that it lacks ribosomes. Smooth ER functions in the synthesis of lipids(steroids),breaks down glycogen, detoxifies drugs, and poisons. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif •Smooth ER (esp. in muscle and liver cells) also stores Ca+ ions that are used for muscle contraction. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu • Flattened, round sacs with the appearance of pita bread. Golgi is sometimes called the “UPS Because it functions in modifying, storing, and re-routing the products of the ER. Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Golgi is packed with enzymes that aid in modifying the Products before they are shipped out by way of a transport vesicle into the cytosol. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie LYSOSOMES Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html Membrane bound bag of hydrolytic enzymes that help to digest macromolecules, as well as recycle used cell components. Lysosomes are made from parts of the ER (enzymes) and Golgi apparatus (phospholipid membrane). Also used as a defense against bacteria and viruses. LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action: Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html LYSOSOMES See LYSOSOME MOVIE Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html VACUOLES Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif Sacs that may be used as storage for ions, molecules, water or wastes. http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif VACUOLES Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg • Plants have a very large central vacuole for maximum water storage. Vacuoles are SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif 1 MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg MITOCHONDRIA Double membrane structure that has its own proteins embedded in phospholipid bilayers, as well as its own DNA. This DNA programs a small portion of the mitochondria’s protein synthesis; however, a majority of their proteins are synthesized according to the directions from nuclear DNA. Has inner folds called cristae. Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe Uses glucose to manufacture energy in the form of ATP. MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg WHAT DOES IT DO? Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell CHLOROPLASTS http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif • Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg CHLOROPLASTS http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm Found in plant cells. Bound by a double membrane that helps partition its contents from the cytosol. •Contain the green pigment chlorophyll which is used to harvest energy From the sun to produce glucose (photosynthesis). Also contains its own DNA. The three functional compartments of the chloroplast are the intermembrane space, the thylakoid, and the stroma. • Contains own DNA CENTRIOLES Found only in animal cells. Made up of bundles of microtubules That play a role in cell division. Centrioles help to organize the assembly Of the spindle fibers for cell division. The organelle is part of the cytoskeleton. CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm CYTOSKELETON Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm • Network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm that forms a framework for support/movement. Enables the cell to maintain or change shape and anchors the organelles. Provide motility for some cells in the form of cilia or flagella. There are 3 types of fibers That make up the cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin)& MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg FLAGELLA Help in cell movement CILIA Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Move cell itself It’s ALL connected! WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? • Cell wall • NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE • DNA is circular • No membrane bound organelles http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT… Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls! PEPTIDOGLYCAN _______________ NOT CELLULOSE! More on this in Chapter 18! WHICH IS BIGGER? Plant cell Animal cell bacteria _________ > _____________ > ___________ DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO cell wall Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles Has lysosomes Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST NO nuclear membrane No membrane bound organelles Organelles with membranes BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. • Transport cell membranes, homeostasis • Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa. • Kingdoms Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; High school students performing at the BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) recognize that different structures perform different functions identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code define homeostasis; SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. • Transport cell membranes, homeostasis • Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts