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VACUOLES By: Jessica Hardwick, Anne Schwartz, and Bridget Menkis 1 Source 15 Table of Contents • • • • • • • • 3. Structure 4. General Function 5. Plant Cells 6. Fungi Cells 7. Animal Cells 8. Contractile Vacuoles 9. Conclusion 10. Sources 2 Structure Source 2 Vacuoles are organelles found in cells. They store various substances essential to the life of the cell. They also store waste to later remove from the cell. 3 General Function Vacuoles, like vacuums, remove waste products harmful to the cell. In addition, they store water and essential nutrients for later use. For this reason, they are called “storage bubbles”(source 5) or “storage bins”(source 4). Source 3 Source 6 4 Plant Cells • • • • • • • • • • Vacuoles make up about 80% of the volume of a full grown plant cell (source 4) They are more important in plant cells than any other types of cells They are surrounded by a membrane called a tonoplast They store water and food for the plants to use for other processes They store waste products of the cell They are called central vacuoles because their function is vital to the plant’s survival and because they are so large The greater amount of water the vacuole holds, the more turgor pressure there is. Turgor pressure increases when there is more sugar and other solutes in the vacuole. This is because the increase of the solutes causes a need for more water, in which they can be dissolved. Turgor pressure is applied to the cell wall and therefore makes the plant rigid, keeping its structure. – When central vacuoles lack water, the plant droops Flower petals’ central vacuoles can contain substances that attract pollinating insects or repel harmful animals or organisms Osmoregulation- maintains osmotic pressure Vacuoles push cytoplasm toward the cell membrane, exposing chloroplasts to light Source 13 5 Fungi Cells • • • • • • Fungal cell vacuoles perform many functions, similar to plant cell vacuoles They help remove waste product from the rest of the cell They help maintain the cell’s pH levels so that it can function optimally Can have multiple vacuoles Osmoregulation- maintains osmotic pressure Stores amino acids Source 14 6 Animal Cells • Misconception: Some people, to make things simple, say that animal cells do have vacuoles but animal cells do not have vacuoles. Instead, they contain vacuole-like organelles called vesicles – Vesicles: similar function as vacuoles but much smaller than a plant’s central vacuole – Vesicles perform 2 important functions: • Exocytosis: disposal of solids and liquids such as proteins, lipids and bacteria out of cells • Endocytosis: taking solids and liquids such as proteins, lipids and bacteria into cells – One cell can have multiple vesicles Click here for a short animation about endocytosis and exocytosis Animal Cell Vesicle Vesicle Source 1 7 Contractile Vacuoles • • • • • • • • Found in protists Appear to have spokes and a hub (Textbook pg. 62) – Spokes collect excess water – Hubs dispose of water (releases it to the outside of the cell) Necessary in fresh water protists so that they do not burst Osmoregulation- maintains osmotic equilibrium Expand and contract as they take in and release liquid In amoebas: vacuoles move as the amoeba moves In Ciliates: vacuoles have a definite path in the cell In Euglena and other flagellates: vacuoles remain stationary Click here to watch a short video of an amoeba- pay attention to the vaculoes moving in it (youtube video-> can’t watch on school computer) Source 12 8 Conclusion • Vacuoles are most important in plant cells • Vacuoles have a similar function in fungal cells as plant cells • Contractile vacuoles are found in protists and are most important in fresh water organisms • Vacuoles are important for storage in cells • Vacuoles collect harmful waste and dispose of it • Animal cells have vesicles, not vacuoles 9 Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. http://imcurious.wikispaces.com/Midterm+Exam+2010+Review+P1 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/vacuole.html http://www.vacuumreviewer.com/hoover-vacuum-cleaners/ http://www.buzzle.com/articles/vacuole-function.html http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html http://www.chem1.com/acad/sci/aboutwater.html http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Turgor_pressure http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/eustruct/lyso.html http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Contractile_Vacuole http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/135337/contractile-vacuole http://www.linkpublishing.com/video-transport.htm http://ploegerchiropractic.com/blog/page/2/ http://www.itteringham.com/nature.html http://botany.thismia.com/2010/02/ Biology: concepts & Connections By: Campbell, Mitchell, Reece 10