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PowerPoint Presentations for
Psychology
The Science of
Behavior
Seventh Edition
Neil R. Carlson,
Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth,
John W. Donahoe, and
G. Neil Martin
Prepared by Linda Fayard
Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College
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Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon
Chapter 4
Biology of Behavior
Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon
Biology of Behavior
1. The Brain and Its Components
2. Drugs and Behavior
3. Study of the Brain
4. Control of Behavior and the Body’s
Physiological Functions
Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon
The Brain and Its Components
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Basic Structure of the Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
The Excitable Axon: The Action Potential
Communication with Other Cells: Synapses
A Simple Neural Circuit
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Basic Structure of the Nervous
System
(1)Central Nervous System (brain and
spinal cord)
(2)Peripheral Nervous System (cranial
and spinal nerves)
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Figure 4.1: The Central Nervous
System
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Figure 4.2: A View of the Left Side of
the Brain
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Cells of the Nervous System
Dendrite – receive
messages from other neurons
Soma – cell body
Axon – carries message away from soma
Myelin sheath – insulates axons
F 4.5
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Figure 4.5: The Basic Parts of a
Neuron
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The Excitable Axon: The Action
Potential
Ion channels and ion transporters regulate
the number of ions inside and outside the
axon.
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Figure 4.7: Ion Channels and Ion
Transporters
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Figure 4.8: Movement of Sodium and
Potassium Ions During the Action Potential
Axon potential – causes the release of a
neurotransmitter
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Communication with Other Cells:
Synapses
Neurons communicate with other
cells through synapses, by process
known as synaptic transmission.
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Figure 4.9: Interaction Between the Effects of
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
Synapse –
junction
between
neurons
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Drugs and Behavior
 Effects of Drugs on Synaptic Transmission
 Neurotransmitters, Their Actions, and Drugs
That Affect Them
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Neurotransmitters, Their Actions
and Drugs That Affect Them
Glutamate – excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA – inhibitory neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine – muscular movement
Monoamines - includes dopamine, serotonins, and
norepinephrine
Peptides – consists of two or more amino acids
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Study of the Brain
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Experimental Ablation
Visualizing the Structure of the Brain
Measuring the Brain’s Activity
Stimulating the Brain’s Activity
Altering Genetics
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Experimental Ablation
 Brain lesions
 An injury to a particular part of the brain
 The effects of that lesion on an animal’s
behaviors are studied
 Stereotaxic apparatus
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Figure 4.12: A Stereotaxic Apparatus
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Visualizing the Structures of
the Brain
 Human brain visualization methods
 CT scans (also called CAT scans)
 MRI scans
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Measuring the Brain’s Activity
 EEG (Electroencephalogram)
 Measures brain waves through microelectrodes
 MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
 PET scans
 fMRI scans
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Stimulating the Brain’s Activity
 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
 Magnetic fields can be used to stimulate
neurons by inducing electrical currents in brain
tissue
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Figure 4.21: An Example of an Electrical
Stimulation Experiment
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Altering Genetics
 Targeted Mutation (a genetic “knockout”)
 This procedure inactivates a gene—for example,
the gene responsible for producing a particular
neurotransmitter or a particular receptor.
 Neural Plasticity
 Environmental events that can change the
structure and functions of the nervous system
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Control of Behavior and the Body’s
Physiological Functions
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Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
Lateralization of Function
Vision
Audition
Somatosensation and Spatial Perception
Planning and Moving
Episodic and Spatial Memory: Role of Hippocampus
Emotions: Role of the Amygdala
Control of Internal Functions and Automatic Behavior
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Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
Figure 4.24:
A Side View
of the Human
Brain
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Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
Figure 4.25:
The Relation
Between the
Association
Cortex and
the Regions
of Primary
Sensory and
Motor Cortex
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Vision
 The visual association cortex is located in
the occipital lobe and in the lower portion of
the temporal lobe.
 Visual agnosia is a deficit in visual
perception
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Audition
 The auditory association cortex is located on
the lateral surface of the upper temporal lobe
 Damage to the left auditory association
cortex causes language deficits; while
damage to the right affects ability to
recognize nonspeech sounds (tones)
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Somatosensation and Spatial
Perception
 The primary functions of the parietal lobe are
perception of our own body and the location
of objects in the world around us
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Planning and Moving
 Frontal lobes - involved in planning strategies
for action, evaluating them, and changing
them if necessary
 Cerebellum - knows what movements the
frontal lobes intend to accomplish and what it
is doing
 Basal ganglia - involved in the control of
particularly slow motor movements, especially
those that involve the large muscles of the
body.
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Episodic and Spatial Memory:
Role of the Hippocampus
 The hippocampus is involved in spatial
orientation and episodic memory or our
ability to learn and remember experience
from our daily lives
 The limbic system is involved in learning,
memory, and expression of emotion
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Figure 4.29: Principle Structures of the
Limbic System
F 4.35
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Emotions: Role of the Amygdala
 The amygdala is located in the middle of the
temporal lobe and affects emotional
behavior—especially negative emotions,
such as those caused by painful,
threatening, or stressful events
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Control of Internal Functions and
Automatic Behavior
 Brain stem
 Controls functions vital to survival
 Contains the medulla, the pons, and the
midbrain.
 Hypothalamus
 Controls autonomic nervous system; eating,
drinking, and fighting
 Controls the pituitary gland
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The Brain Stem and Cerebellum
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Endocrine System
F 4.301
Figure 4.31:
The Location
and Primary
Functions of
the Principle
Endocrine
Glands
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Endocrine System
Figure 4.32:
Organs
Controlled
by the
Autonomic
Nervous
System
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