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NOTES: 2.1 – The Nature of Matter Key Questions: • Identify the three subatomic particles found in atoms. • Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are similar and how they are different. • Explain how compounds are different from their component elements. • Describe the two main types of chemical bonds What makes up all matter? • A chemical element is a pure substance that consists of just one type of atom. • Atoms are the basic unit of matter. • The atom is the smallest unit which retains all of the physical and chemical properties of its element. Chemical Compound - A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed proportion. • The properties of the compound are usually very different from the elements that make up the compound. Examples of Compounds • Water - H2O • Salt – NaCl • Methane – CH4 • Titanium Dioxide – TiO2 Examples of Compounds Properties of Elements Three Subatomic Particles Particle Proton Charge Location Mass (+) Nucleus 1.0007 amu Neutron Neutral Nucleus 1.0008 amu Electron (-) Orbiting nucleus 0.0005 amu Atomic Number – -the number of protons in an atom of an element •all atoms of an element have the same atomic # •written as a subscript next to the element’s symbol •in a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons (balanced charges). Mass Number – -the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of an element. •The number of neutrons may vary, but the proton number remains constant. •Written as a subscript next to the element’s symbol Isotopes-Atoms of an element that have more or fewer neutrons. Isotopes• in nature, elements occur as mixtures of isotopes. • some are radioactive: unstable isotope where nucleus decays emitting sub-atomic particles and/or energy Half-Life the time it takes for half the nuclei in a radioactive isotope sample to decay Energy Level of Electrons Chemical Bonding Covalent Bond – strong chemical bond between atoms formed by electrons being shared by the atoms. Ionic Bond – • bond formed by the attraction of a positive ion to a negative ion • Anion – positive ion • Cation – negative ion Chemical Reactions • bonds between atoms are formed or broken, causing substances to combine and recombine as different molecules CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O Chemical Reactions • All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are referred to as that organism’s metabolism Chemical Reactions Reactants: •the substance(s) at the beginning of a reaction; shown on the left side of the equation Products: •the substance(s) at the end of a reaction; shown on the right side of the equation. CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O