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CHAPTER
Slide #1
16
Global Climate Change
Slide #2
Rising Seas May Flood the
Maldive Islands
• Sea levels are rising worldwide.
• Scientists link this to global climate change.
• Global climate change threatens the Maldives, a group of
islands in the Indian Ocean, with flooding, severe storms,
erosion, and saltwater contamination.
Talk About It Why are rising sea levels a concern for all
people, not just those who live on the Maldives Islands?
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Without greenhouse gases, Earth
would be too cold to support life.
What is the difference
between climate and
weather?
Slide #3
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate -- Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Slide #4
Describe factors that affect how the sun warms the Earth
Discuss the role of wind patterns in determining climate
Explain how the oceans affect climate
Describe how climate is affected by topography,
volcanoes, regional vegetation, and periodic changes in
Earth’s orbit
Vocabulary: greenhouse effect
greenhouse gas
thermohaline ciruclation
El Nino
topography
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Three factors have more
influence on Earth’s
climate than all others…
1) The Sun causes…
a) The Greenhouse
Effect
• A natural process in
which greenhouse
gases absorb heat and
release it slowly back
into the atmosphere
• Greenhouse gases do
not trap* energy that
has been converted to
heat at Earth’s surface.
* Did You Know? Greenhouse
gases absorb heat and release it
slowly, while an actual greenhouse
traps warm air inside a structure.
* instead the heat is released slowly,
acting more like a blanket than a
greenhouse
Slide #5
Three factors have more influence on Earth’s climate thanSlide
all #6
others… 1) The Sun causes…
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
b) The Effect of Latitude
on heating the earth
• Latitude is a measure of
a place’s distance from
the equator.
• In general, the greater
the latitude, the cooler a
location’s overall climate
will be.
• The seasons are also
caused by the changing
angles at which sunlight
strikes Earth.
Three factors have more influence on Earth’s climate thanSlide
all #7
others… 1) The Sun causes…
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
c) The Effect of Sunspot Cycle on
heating the earth
• The more sunspots there
are on the sun’s surface,
the more energy it emits.
• 11 year cycle
• Probably not a major nor
long-term effect on
climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
POP QUIZ:
Use your notes to
describe factors that
affect how the sun
warms the Earth
Slide #8
Slide #9
Three
factors
have Climate
more
Lesson
16.1
Our Dynamic
influence on Earth’s climate
than all others…
• Caused by convection currents
resulting from rising warm
air and falling cool air
• Transports moisture
and heat
• Global wind patterns
move warm air away
from equator, toward
poles.
• Cold air moves from
poles toward equator.
• Winds pick up moisture and
can carry it for long distances
until it falls as precipitation.
2) Wind
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Three factors have more
influence on Earth’s climate
than all others…
Slide #10
3) The Oceans
• Ocean currents, which are
caused by a combination of
unequal heating of water
and unequal salinity*, affect
climate by transporting heat.
• El Niño and La Niña are
disruptions to normal climate
patterns caused by variations
in the typical interactions
between the ocean and the
atmosphere.
* = thermohaline
Did You Know? The ocean absorbs a lot of
carbon dioxide, causing a global cooling effect.
The ocean can hold 50 times more CO2 than is
found in the atmosphere.
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Slide #11
Other Factors That Affect Climate
1 Topography: Higher altitudes have cooler temperatures;
mountain ranges affect rainfall patterns.
Slide #12
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Other Factors That Affect Climate
2 Volcanoes: Gases and particles can
temporarily block sunlight, causing air
to cool.
3 Vegetation: Plant life promotes cloud
formation and absorbs carbon dioxide.
4 Earth’s orbit: Changes in Earth’s
orbit and the tilt of Earth’s axis affect
the distribution of solar radiation.
Did You Know? Ice ages are at least partially
caused by changes in Earth’s orbit and axis.
Mount St. Helens
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate – Recap
Slide #13
Discuss with your tablemate and find
evidence from your textbook to support these
statements:
Lesson 1 = The oceans influence Earth’s
climate
Central Case = Earth’s climates influences
the oceans
Be ready to share
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate – Recap
1.
2.
3.
4.
Slide #14
Describe factors that affect how the sun warms the Earth
Discuss the role of wind patterns in determining climate
Explain how the oceans affect climate
Describe how climate is affected by topography,
volcanoes, regional vegetation, and periodic changes in
Earth’s orbit
Vocabulary: greenhouse effect
greenhouse gas
thermohaline circulation
El Nino
topography
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Slide #15
According to NASA’s Goddard Institute
for Space Studies, 2009 tied for second
warmest year on record, just behind
2005. The decade spanning 2000–2009
was the warmest on record.
Global climate change even made the
morning the TV shows
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change -- Objectives
1.Identify evidence of global warming.
2.Explain three methods used to study
climate change.
3.State the probable cause of global
climate change.
Vocab: global climate change
proxy indicator
fossil fuel
global warming
climate model
Slide #16
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Slide #17
Evidence of a Warming Earth
• Rising global surface temperatures 0.74ºC (1.33ºF) from 1906 - 2005
• Changes in precipitation patterns complex
• Melting ice (glaciers, polar ice) 1850—150; 2012—26
• Rising sea level (Maldives) Warm water expands, melting ice adds water
Both photos show
Sperry Glacier in
Montana’s Glacier
National Park.
Top: 1913:
Bottom: 2008
Did You Know? Since 1986, the
Larsen Ice Shelf near Antarctica
has lost an area more than
3 times the size of Rhode Island.
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Both photos show Sperry Glacier
in Montana’s Glacier National
Park.
Top: 1913:
Bottom: 2008
Slide #18
Did You Know? Since 1986, the
Larsen Ice Shelf near Antarctica
has lost an area more than
3 times the size of Rhode Island.
Slide #19
Maldives Islands
Slide #20
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Studying Climate Change
• Direct measurement is used to
study today’s climate.
• Proxy indicators, such as
patterns in tree rings, give clues
about past climates.
• Models are used to make
predictions about future
climates.
Complex, like the
global climate –
atmosphere and ocean
Cross-section of a tree trunk
Proxies = ice, pollen in
sediments, tree rings
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Slide #21
Finding the Cause of Climate Change
• According to studies, increases in greenhouse gases are the
primary cause of climate change.
• The increase in greenhouse
gases is mainly due to
burning of fossil fuels and
changes in land use (cutting
forests)
Charles Keeling, Mauna
Loa Observatory, Hawaii
1958 = 315 ppm CO2
2009 = 387 ppm CO2
May, 2013 = 400 ppm CO2
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change -- Recap
Working with your tablemate, use your
textbook and find the answers to these
questions:
1. Give 2 reasons why increasing
temperatures cause sea levels to rise
2.How can this affect the Maldives
Islands of the Central Case?
Slide #22
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change -- Recap
1.Identify evidence of global warming.
2.Explain three methods used to study
climate change.
3.State the probable cause of global
climate change.
Vocab: global climate change
proxy indicator
fossil fuel
global warming
climate model
Slide #23
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Slide #24
In 2003, a severe
heat wave in
Europe killed
35,000 people.
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Objectives
Slide #25
1. State ways in which the warming atmosphere
affects ecosystems and organisms.
2. Explain how climate change is affecting people
now.
3. Predict future effects of climate change on
people.
Vocabulary: coral bleaching
Lesson 16.3 Effects
of Climatethis
Change
-- Recap
Complete
scatter
detail
Slide #26
chart
Ch 16-3
example
detail
example
example
example
Effects of
Climate
Change on
Living Things
detail
example
detail
detail
Slide #27
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects on Organisms
• Habitats shift, usually toward the poles or to higher altitudes.
• Migrations start earlier in
the spring.
• Problems Obtaining Food
• Loss of ice makes
hunting seals difficult for
polar bears.
Did You Know? Robins arrive
on a Colorado mountaintop
about 2 weeks earlier than they
did in 1970.
Migrating sandhill cranes
Slide #28
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects of a Changing Ocean
• An increase in ocean
temperature is associated
with a process called coral
bleaching, in which
zooxanthellae algae living
within corals die. Without the
algae, coral cannot survive.
• Changes in ocean acidity,
resulting from an increase
in dissolved carbon dioxide,
can harm organisms.
The color of healthy brain coral comes from algae.
When the algae die, as above, coral bleaching
occurs.
H2O + CO2
H2CO3
Carbonic acid; increases acidity; lower pH;
Slide #29
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
pH Scale
H2O + CO2
H2CO3
Carbonic acid; increases acidity; lower pH;
Slide #30
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Current Effects of Global
Climate Change
• Agriculture and forestry: Effects are complex.
• Can be positive: Lengthened growing season for some crops
• Can be negative: Droughts and forest fires; shortened growing
season
• Economy: Decreased yields;
increased property damage
due to severe storms and
climate conditions
• Human health: Extreme
heat waves increasingly
common, can cause
heat stroke and death
Damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, in 2005
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Slide #31
Pictures from SuperStorm Sandy, 2010
(property damage due to severe storms)
Slide #32
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Slide #33
Future Effects of Climate Change
• Diseases: Warmer temperatures can
promote spread of diseases transmitted
from animals to people.
• Sea level: Low-lying populated coastal
areas may flood as sea levels rise.
• Water supply: Saltwater contamination
of aquifers resulting from rising sea levels
and a decrease in glacial ice may
threaten freshwater supplies.
Did You Know? In the United
States, 53% of the population
lives in coastal areas.
Black-legged ticks, known
to spread Lyme disease
Slide #34
link
Slide #35
Lesson 16.3 Effects
of Climatethis
Change -- Recap
Complete
Shifting
habitats
CA Lilac
Robins
Changes
in
migration
times
scatter chart
Effects of
Climate
Change on
Living Things
Polar
bears,
migrating
birds
Problems
obtaining
food
Affects
corals &
other
ocean
organisms
Ocean
acidity
Warmer
ocean
temperature
Coral
bleaching
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Slide #36
Working with your tablemate, use your textbook to
answer these questions:
1. Give detailed examples of the effects of climate
change on the Maldives
2. What is predicted to be the future impact of
climate change on the Maldives?
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Slide #37
answers:
> flooding
> severity of storms
>damage to reefs (protection and food)
>threats to drinking water supply (salt water incursion)
Future = uninhabitable
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Slide #38
1. State ways in which the warming atmosphere
affects ecosystems and organisms.
2. Explain how climate change is affecting people
now.
3. Predict future effects of climate change on
people.
Vocabulary: coral bleaching
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Fossil fuel combustion generates
70% of the electricity used in the
United States.
Energy conserving light bulbs
Slide #39
Slide #40
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Objectives
1. List ways to reduce greenhouse gases related to the
use and generation electricity.
2. Describe some of the ways of reducing greenhouse
gases related to transportation
3. Describe other strategies for reducing greenhouse
gases.
4. Explain how nations are working together to try to
address climate change
Vocab:
carbon footprint
carbon offset
Kyoto Protocol
carbon tax
carbon sequestration
Energy conserving light bulbs
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Use and Production of Electricity
• Carbon footprint: The amount of
carbon dioxide for which an individual
or group is responsible
• Most electricity is generated by
burning fossil fuels.
• Reducing electricity use reduces
carbon footprints.
• Ways to reduce electricity use:
• Use energy-efficient technologies,
which lessen the electricity needed to
do a job.
• Reduce the use of electrical devices
and appliances.
Slide #41
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
http://myfootprint.org/en/qu
iz_results/
Slide #42
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
http://www.nature.org/greenliving/carboncalculator/#
Slide #43
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/calculators/
Slide #44
Slide #45
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Your footprint is 9.68 metric tons per
year
The average footprint for people in
United States is 20.40 metric tons
The average for the industrial nations is
about 11 metric tons
The average worldwide carbon footprint
is about 4 metric tons
The worldwide target to combat climate
change is 2 metric tons
http://www.carbonfootprint.com/calculat
or.aspx
http://coolclimate.berkeley.edu/carboncalculator
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Alternate Sources of Electricity
• Alternative Sources of Electricity
• Nuclear power
• Solar power
• Wind power
• Hydroelectric power
• Geothermal power
Wind turbines
Slide #46
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Slide #47
Advances in Vehicle Technology
• Transportation is the second largest source of greenhouse
gas emissions in the United States, second only to electricity.
• Alternatives to fuel-only
cars include:
• Gasoline-electric
hybrid vehicles
• Vehicles that use
alternative fuels such as
compressed natural gas
• Vehicles that use
hydrogen fuel cells.
Energy Loss in a Car
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Reducing Dependence on Cars
• Biking, walking, and using public transportation are all
ways to reduce fossil fuel use.
• Many communities lack good public transportation.
Did You Know? The average
American family makes 10 trips by car
each day.
Slide #48
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Strategies for Reducing
Greenhouse Gases
• Agriculture / forestry: Reduce soil erosion
and replace cut trees, to curb CO2 emissions
• Cap-and-Trade: System of emission
allowances that can be sold or traded, gives
companies incentive to reduce emissions
• Carbon tax: A tax per unit on emissions
• Carbon offsets: Instead of directly reducing
emissions, companies can make a voluntary
payment to a group that reduces or curbs
greenhouse gases.
• Carbon sequestration: Technology is used to
trap and store carbon dioxide emissions.
Slide #49
Slide #50
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Cooperation Among Nations
• The Kyoto Protocol is a binding
international effort to reduce
greenhouse gases to below
1990 levels.
• The United States did not
sign the Kyoto Protocol.
• Many nations are planning to
develop a new binding
agreement to address global
climate change some time in
the future.
The Kyoto Protocol required developed
nations to reduce emissions but did not
require the same of developing nations,
such as China and India, because
industrialized nations created the
current greenhouse gas problem so we
should take the lead in solving it. What
do you think of this?
How
might
these
groups
respond
to
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
global climate change?
Individual
•
•
Corporations
•
•
Slide #51
Governments
•
•
Energy conserving light bulbs
How
might
these
groups
respond
to
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
global climate change?
Slide #52
Individual
Corporations
Governments
• ride bike
• energy
conservation
at home
• fuel efficient
car
• improve
energy
efficiency
• better farming
practices
• Cap & Trade
• improve
public
transportation
• legislation
(carbon tax)
Energy conserving light bulbs
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
Slide #53
1. List ways to reduce greenhouse gases related to the
use and generation electricity.
2. Describe some of the ways of reducing greenhouse
gases related to transportation
3. Describe other strategies for reducing greenhouse
gases.
4. Explain how nations are working together to try to
address climate change
Vocab:
carbon footprint
carbon offset
Kyoto Protocol
carbon tax
carbon sequestration
Energy conserving light bulbs
Slide #54
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