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Albinism Genetic Engineering Altering the DNA of a cell or organism G.E. Techniques DNA Extraction How do you get DNA out of a cell to work with? Cells cut open with enzymes DNA filtered out Multiplying DNA PCR = process for multiplying DNA DNA + Enzymes + Nucleotides mixed in test tube Placed in “PCR machine” to regulate temp. PCR PCR Kary Mullis – Invented PCR Won Nobel Prize in 1993 Cutting DNA DNA molecules too large to work with Can be cut up using Restriction Enzymes They cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences Restriction Enzymes DNA Analysis Gel electrophoresis – separates DNA fragments for analysis Gel Electrophoresis Think jell-o Gel Electrophoresis DNA neg. charged Gel is sponge-like Gel Electrophoresis DNA has a (-) charge, moves to (+) end of gel Small pieces move in gel farther than large DNA separated by size and charge *Bands on gel are DNA - + Ethidium bromide Genetic Engineering Uses Gel Elec. and Paternity Testing If people related, DNA is similar REs will cut a similar pattern, can be analyzed on gel Cloning Ian Wilmut - cloned Dolly the sheep Nucleus from 1 sheep put into egg of another Embryo inserted into foster mother to develop Plasmids Plasmids – circular DNA molecule, found in bacteria Plasmids Plasmid cut open with REs Gene of interest inserted into plasmid • Recombinant DNA – DNA from 2 organisms combined Plasmids Next, plasmid placed into bacteria cell Protein synthesis of gene carried out What could be a use of this technique? Ex. Diabetes Diabetes Diabetics unable to produce insulin Insulin gene inserted into plasmid and bacteria produce it for them Firefly Luciferase