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Gene Technology Molecular genetics- scientist study DNA molecules and make changes in the DNA. • Genetic Engineering- changes an organisms DNA DNA extraction: separates DNA from the rest of the cell. Restriction enzymes cut DNA into smaller fragments. • • • • • • • • They only fit one certain nucleotide sequence, so the DNA molecules are cut precisely where the scientists need them to be cut. The ends of DNA are known as sticky ends. The cut DNA is placed in little wells in the electrophoresis gel. The gel is placed into a solution, then an electric field runs through the gel. The DNA pieces move through the gel at different rates according to size and electrical charge. The shortest pieces will move the farthest from the well. • Gel electrophoresis- separates the cut DNA into fragments by using the restriction enzymes, then places the fragments in wells. An electrical field runs through the gel, and the DNA separates by size and electrical charge. Shortest pieces move to the farthest. Gel electrophoresis is MOST important in DNA fingerprinting. • • • • • • • • Everyone’s DNA is different. The fragments from gel electrophoresis are treated with radioactive probes, and the end result is a pattern of bands that are unique to each person. Used in criminal cases Used to show if people are related to each. Recombinant DNA is made by taking short pieces of DNA from one organism and joining it to the DNA of a completely different organism. Once the DNA is made, it can be placed back into a living cell in a process called transformation. • • • Useful in medicine Ex. Insulin is a hormone needed for diabetes that can be made using bacteria by inserting recombinant DNA into the bacteria. The bacteria reproduces quickly, so many copies of the insulin gene are mass produced very quickly. EX: Restriction Enzymes (DNA Cleaving Enzymes): Bacterial proteins (enzymes) that have the ability to cut both strands of the DNA molecule at certain points. Example: EcoRI is a restriction enzyme that makes staggered cuts in the double strands of DNA leaving sticky ends. Cut ______________ G A A T T C C T T A A G Cleavage Cloning Vectors: Bacterial cells reproduce quickly. They contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. The plasmid has the DNA piece cut by restriction enzymes that are placed in it to then make copies of the gene. (Ex. insulin gene) Scientists are working to “replace” defective genes with normal genes. This could one day replace genes that code for harmful genetic disorders like Huntington’s Disease, sickle cell anemia, etc… **(Gene Therapy – replacing a mutated gene with a normal gene) Bacteria used in genetic engineering Transgenic organisms (often animals)—Organisms that contain genes from different organisms. Transgenic cows have extra copies of growth hormone genes. These animals will grow faster and have meat that is less fatty than beef from regular cows. • • • • • • • The cows can be grown quicker, so farmers make more money, and the shoppers pay less money. Some people are concerned that transgenic plants could pollinate wild plants and produce plants could not be controlled with weed killers, or worse, end up being harmful to beneficial pests. People wonder if the extra growth hormone in transgenic beef could affect the humans who consume it or if antibiotic-resistant genes sometimes used in transformation could spread into the environment and cause bacteria to be antibiotic- resistant. Often termed genetic pollution or frankenfoods Geneticall y engineered “blue” rose Genetically engineered neon fish Genetically engineered cartilage for prosthetics Genetically engineered organisms Genetically engineered tobacco plant Gene technology & Bioremediation **Genetically engineered bacteria that return environment back to natural state. Cloning?? Injaz, camel SNUPPY, afghan hound (2005) *Most recently cloned 3/8/2009 Dolly, sheep (1996) Chapter 6 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 15 Cloning Chapter 6 Reproductive cloning involves the transfer of genetic material of a donor cell into an egg cell that has had its DNA removed. The egg is stimulated by chemicals and electricity to cause it to divide (cytokinesis) It is implanted into the uterus of a female to develop in the placenta. The cloned parent is genetically identical to the original parent. Scientists are developing ways to use clones to save endangered species….what do you think about human clones??? Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 16 The Human Genome Project: The effort to map the sequence of all the human genes. Completed in the year 2002. Created maps to show the locations of all the genes on every chromosome. This diagram shows what a sample gel with DNA bands would look like. Do the remaining bands match the father? Yes Do the remaining bands match the father? No Analysis of DNA Fingerprinting in Forensic Testing Did the suspect leave the evidence at the crime? No