Download Introduction into the Cell Biology

Introduction into
Basic Cell Biology
& Biotechnology Sec 3.
What is Life? What is a cell?
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1
Intro into Cell Biology
-> All living organisms
are made out of cells
-> Cells are the
smallest living unit
Human egg cell + sperm
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Intro into Cell Biology
Single cell organisms – Multi cell organisms
-> Single cell organisms -> Microorganisms
Eeeew! Video 6:50
Bacteria
Archea
Yeast - Fungi
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3
Intro into Cell Biology
Evolutionary time line
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Intro into Cell Biology
Single cell organisms – Multi cell organisms
-> multi cell organisms -> higher degree or organization of cells
within the organism -> specialization of cells
Human red blood cells
Specialized Human Cells
Human skin cells
Plant cells
Bonus Difference between Animal and Plant Cells
5 Additional Video
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Intro into Cell Biology
Two cell types - The Three Domain System
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
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Cell Types
Intro into Cell Biology
Bill Nye Cells
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Intro into Cell Biology
Viruses -> are NO living organisms -> parasites
-> Consist of DNA.
-> Core is surrounded by a protein coat.
-> Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
-> Viruses are replicated only when they are
in a living host cell
-> Not cellular
Virus Video
Intro into Cell Biology
Cell growth -> cell division
Cell death -> apoptosis
Intro into Cell Biology
Cell Movement -> Mobility -> Flagellum
Pseudomonas (3,300X)
Salmonella (1200X)
Intro into Cell Biology
Microorganisms are important for Food production
Food Production Video
Intro into Cell Biology
Microbes at Work
1. Agriculture - used to control crop insects.
2.Bioremediation - a field of environmental biotechnology
where bacteria are used to clean up toxic wastes.
Ex. Oil spills and Gold Mining
3. Pharmacology - developing antibiotics to destroy
pathogens. (microbes)
4. Vaccines - developing weakened strains of pathogenic
bacteria or viruses in order to protect (immunize) against
infection.
Microbes at work…
Gold Extraction from Mining.
“Cyanide dissolves gold, just like sugar dissolves in water.”
Cyanide attaches to anaerobic structures in the
cells’ Mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell.
Cyanide then inhibits the oxygen transfer in
cellular respiration causing damage to systems in
high need of oxygen – nervous system, the heart.
Do you want it in your water for drinking etc.
Bacteria and Mining 5:20
Medical Microbiologi – Infectious diseases
Nearly 2,000 different
microbes cause
diseases.
10 Billion new
infections/year
worldwide
13 Million deaths from
infections/year
worldwide
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Diphtheria
Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
C. tetani -> tetanus
Borrellia -> Lyme disease
Staphylococcus aureus
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VIRAL PATHOGENS
HIV
Ebola
Smallpox
Rabies virus
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Medical Microbiologi – Infectious diseases
What can be done
to limit infectious
diseases?
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
1. History of Pasteurization Video

Showed microbes caused
fermentation and spoilage.

Developed pasteurization;
kills bacteria that may be
present in the liquid food.

Developed a rabies vaccine
Insert figure 1.11
Synergy Textbook Work:
READ pgs 413 - 415.
Do Qs 1 - 3 Pg. 431
Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and
organisms to develop useful products, or applications,
for specific use by humans.

For thousands of years, humankind has used
biotechnology in agriculture, food production, and
medicine.

G.M.O.
Tissue Culture
Cloning
Antibiotics
Food Preservation
Vaccines
Vaccines Intro
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Penn and Teller Vaccinations LANGUAGE!!
Vaccines
Synergy: Textbook Work:
READ pgs 415 - 420 Do Qs. #s 4 - 7 Pg. 431
Main Points for Vaccines:
- They work by introducing an organism to the body where
the Immune System manufactures specific antibodies
(WBCs) to immunize against the disease.
- They protect the health of people who receive them, and
prevent them from developing diseases with sometimes
dangerous consequences.
Vaccines
21Pt. 2
Vaccines
Vaccines Pt. 2
Main Points for Vaccines Continued:
- The basic principle is the same for manufacturing
vaccines: They contain antigens that are incapable of
transmitting disease, but do create an immune response.
Three main manufacturing processes for vaccines:
- Attenuated Vaccines: bacteria / virus strains that have
lost their power to cause disease. (measles, polio)
- Inactivated Vaccines: harmful bacteria / viruses that
have been killed or inactivated (chem. Products, UV
rays) for the immune response.
- Genetic Engineering: DNA manipulation where the
dangerous genes are removed from the pathogen.
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Assisted Reproduction
Synergy: Textbook Work:
READ pgs 420 - 424 Do Qs. #s 8 - 10 Pg. 431

Assisted Reproduction is a medical procedure
that facilitates the union of Ovum and
Spermatozoon for the purposes of achieving
fertilization.
 These processes generally serve to help
infertile and sterile couples conceive a child.
 Several procedures are possible: hormonal
treatments, artificial insemination, in vetro
fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm
Assisted Reproduction Video
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injection.
Assisted Reproduction
Key Points
•
Medical reproduction is all medical procedures that
help engage the union of an ovum and a sperm cell
for achieving fertilization; they generally serve to
help infertile or sterile couples.
•
Several procedures are possible, know them:
- hormonal treatments
- artificial insemination
- in vetro fertilization
- intracytoplasmic sperm injections
Assisted Reproduction Debate
Topics:

Who should be allowed to have A.R.?
Too young and too old…
How many is too Few and Many?
Can they afford to have a child?
Smokers, drug habits, mental illness…
Age limit of patients?
Number of attempts?
Income Level?
Life Style of Parents?

Who pays for the procedure?
Only the “parents”.
Government
Government Subsidy

Cost Chart McGill
How Much? Limitations? Discriminations?
Should A.R. be Public (government) or Private?
Standards for safety?
Regulations?
Who watches?
Heated Debate
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Cell Culture

is a process where cells are reproduced
outside of their natural environment;
outside the organism they came from.
Meat
Which Cells Can Be Cultured?
 Unicellular micro-organisms
 Prokaryotic Cells
(ie. Bacteria & Yeast)
 Eukaryotic Cells
 Multicellular

Eukaryotic Cells
(Whole Plants and Animals)
Skin Cell Cultures Intro
Conditions Needed for
Cell Culture
In order for cells to grow, the conditions
must be just right for each cell type.
• Growth Medium
- (environment for which the cell can optimally grow)
• Type of growth container or fermenter
- (petri dish, incubator, etc.)
• Temperature
- (proper temperature to maximize growth)
• pH - (Proper acidity, basicity or neutral environment)
Conditions Needed for
Cell Culture con`t
extra video cell culture techniques
•
•
Gas exchange
- (Oxygen for Energy, elimination of wastes)
•
Method for monitoring cell growth
- (ensuring culture is free of malformations)

Sterilization and personal organization
Synergy Text Questions and further
knowledge: Pg432; Qs 11 – 14.
heLa Cells Video
Cell Culture Main Points

To make cell cultures, specialists must first
obtain cells (either isolated cells or cells
obtained through separation). These cells
must then be provided with an appropriate
support and an adequate culture medium
(source of nutrients for growth).

Conditions normally present in the organism
the cells come form are recreated (temp,
pressure, acidity). This encourages growth
and reproduction of cells.
Transgenesis
Transgenesis Intro
Genetic Transformation
 Genetic
modification of a cell`s DNA;
changing its specific “Blue Print”.

Involves the uptake of foreign DNA and placing it into
the chain of another organism’s DNA.
Therefore, it is a replication of a trait within another
organism that didn’t have it before. altering the cells
production of specific Proteins.

Rule: GMOs manipulate a cell’s DNA code.

- change the code, you change the proteins.
DNA
Protein
• Plants resistant to stress
(frost, drought, heat)
insects and parasites.
• Slowing of a foods
ripening process.
• Increase in a food`s
nutritional qualities.
• Plants tolerant to
herbicides.
Agronomy
Food
(Agriculture)
APPLICATIONS OF GMOs
Medicine
Industry
• Use of animals for
research purposes.
•
• Drug Production
KG
- Production of
biodegradable
plastic materials.
• Production33
of Biofuels
Transgenesis
Transgenesis

is a procedure that consists in inserting a
foreign gene into an organism.

Different techniques are used, but the steps
involved are similar:
1. Identification of a characteristic in a donor
organism, and location of the gene responsible for this
characteristic, known as the gene of interest*.
2. Extract the gene of interest from the donor
organism.
3. Insertion of the gene of interest into the cells of
the organism to be modified.
4. Selection of the organisms in which the genetic
modification has worked.
Simplified Transgenic Process
Some Examples
Debate:
Are GMOs Good or Bad?
For Video
Against Video
Genetic Transformation,
Transgenesis and Ethics
Synergy Questions:
Pg.
432,
Qs.
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19
Important Points:
- An organism’s genes are modified to endow it
with new and improved characteristics that might
profit humans.
- Transgenesis is a procedure that consists of
inserting into an organism a gene that is foreign to
it.
- Know the 4 stages of Transgenesis.