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Raashmi Patalapati, Rizzlyn Melo, Erica Price February 1, 2010 Period 3 Summary of Albinism Inherited disorder Too little, or complete lack of, melanin Shows very pale, white skin and hair. Causes eyes to appear pink as well as creates eye problems. Can occur in humans, animals, or plants. • Three different types of albinism: OCA-1, OCA-2, and OCA-3 • OCA-1: occurs on chromosome 11 •OCA-2: occurs on chromosome 15 •OCA-3: occurs on chromosome 9 Mode of Inheritance The three types of albinism are acquired through the chromosomes. It is an autosomal recessive disorder. Autosomal recessive means that in order to show the disease you must have two of the recessive alleles. Two copies of the gene must be mutated. There is a higher chance of a male showing albinism •Each person has two alleles per gene •One comes from the mother, the other from the father •Dominant and recessive alleles are represented by letters. • Dominant- capital letter •Recessive- lowercase letter •Dominance is when the allele is able to take over recessive alleles. •Recessiveness is when the allele can be taken over by a dominant allele. •Make more than one punnett square. Parents determine the ratio of probability of offspring having the genetic disorder. Explain(see below) to the class how the punnett square works. •Female is on the left and father is represented on the top. •*** Each punnett square represents the probability PER CHILD. Not all of the children parents may have. *** •homozygous dominant •heterozygous dominant •homozygous recessive Explain probability using: •Ratios (must equal 4 because there are 4 possibilities) homozygous dominant:heterozygous dominant:homozygous recessive 1 : •Percentages 1GG : 2 2Gg : : 1 1gg (must equal 100 because there are 4 possibilities 25% each) homozygous dominant:heterozygous dominant:homozygous recessive 25% : 25%GG : 50% 50%Gg : : 25% 25%gg Use the same punnett square to use as your model to explain… •What these letter mean! GG? Gg? gg? If G represents the dominant allele GREEN and g represents the recessive allele yellow, then we can assume that: •Phenotype (what you SEE) GG= GREEN Gg= GREEN (yellow gene carrier) gg = yellow •Genotype (what is in the GENES) GG= Homozygous dominant (GREEN) Gg= Heterozygous dominant (GREEN) gg = homozygous recessive (yellow) Use the same punnett square model to… Explain Genotype and Phenotype probability using: •Phenotype -Ratios- 3 GREEN : 1 yellow - Percentages- 75% GREEN : 25% yellow •Genotype - Ratios- 1GG : 2 Gg : 1 gg - Percentages- 25% GG: 50% Gg : 25%gg Student Practice Punnett Square Practice You provide genes for the students: only parents and student fill in the box genotypes and phenotypes Genotype: Ratio: Percentage: Phenotype: Ratio: Percentage: -When the students are finished, ask them to share their answers with you. Use the custom animation option to hide the answers until student theirs with you. s have shared Autosomal Dominant Circle = female Square = male All White= homozygous recessive gene, person is fine, has 2 copies of the “healthy” gene All Green= homozygous dominant, person have disorder and 2 copies of the “bad” gene Half Green/Half White= because this is a dominant disorder (rules of dominance), the person has the disease and only has one copy of the “bad” gene and one copy of the “healthy” gene. Autosomal Recessive White= Person is fine. May possibly carry the recessive “bad gene.” Can have one “health” and one “bad” gene of two “healthy genes.” Black= Person is affected. Has 2 “bad” genes. X-linked Color gene is “bad” on x chromosome Color gene is “healthy” on x chromosome Color gene is “healthy” on x chromosome One gene is “bad”, one gene is “healthy” on the x chromosome Female is fine. 3 generations, (I: two parents II: 3 children and two spouses III: 4 children, any combo ( explain how to READ your punnett square) Student Practice (you provide generation I, 2, and 3) Show a pedigree like this, but you fill in the rest using a different sample than the previous page. You choose male and female, who is married to who (you have to add 2 spouses, and who has children in the Generation III. I II Example: ***Make a key: circle= square= shaded in= not shaded in= half shaded in= III Example: ***Ask 3 questions (type them on this page) to make sure the students can analyze a pedigree. (NO yes/no answers) 1. 2. 3.